Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

Abstract The current study aimed to isolate and identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from poultry and study its prevalence in farms in northern Iraq. Two hundred and thirty-four samples were collected from broiler farms and their environment. The samples included swabs from chicken's skin, workers' hands, ventilators, feeders, drinking water, chicken feed, bedding, soil and grass, during the period from September 2024 till December 2024.
All samples were subjected to traditional and molecular methods for detection and identification for S. aureus and MRSA. The results showed that 43.16% of the total samples were positive for S. aureus. The highest isolation rate was from workers' hands and chickens at 53.85% from the total isolates, the lowest isolation rate was from feed and water at 34.61% depending on nuc gene.  The results of MRSA isolation showed that 16.24% were positive for chromogenic agar and molecular methods depending on mecA gene, the highest rat was recorded from Bedding and Chicken at 34.61% and 26.92% respectively, and the lowest percentage of isolation was from Grass, Soil and Chicken feed at 3.85% and 7.69% respectively. The presence of MRSA emphasizes the need to implement continuous monitoring and surveillance programs and studies and collect data from other environments of livestock of all kinds, society and hospitals in order to develop insights into the relationship between human and animal strains, which is important for controlling and combating the microbe.

Abstract Propolis is a natural substance rich in medically active chemical compounds. The presence of these compounds depends on a variety of factors, including the method of extraction and the solvent used for the extraction process. The current work aimed to investigate the effect of extracting propolis using different solvents on its chemical composition. The propolis extraction ratio were 34.53, 43.4 and 38.68% for watery, ethanolic, and ethyl acetate propolis extract respectively. 
      The chemical composition of three extracts was analyzed using GC-Mass analysis which identified 16, 26, and 24 chemical components in watery, ethanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The chemical composition of three extracts was varied greatly but all extracts were rich in phenolic compounds. 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone and 2-isopropenyl dihydrofuran were predominant in the watery extract whereas 1-methylethyl)-8-oxo-1,2-dihydrofurano, Malonic acid, 6-heptynyl, and 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-1-buten were predominant in ethanolic extract. 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one-7-methoxy, 9-Tetradecynoicacid, methyl ester, and 9-Octadecenoic acid were predominant in the ethyl acetate extract

Abstract Edible vaccine, synonymously designated food vaccine, green vaccine, subunit vaccine, and plant-based vaccines, is an emerging trend in vaccinology since1990 (s). It has been considered a good biotechnological solution to help avoid the serious side effects, on animal and human health, encountered in traditional vaccines. In this context, the literature of review contains a plethora of reports addressing the past and the ongoing research pertaining to the development of numerous edible green vaccines against various infectious animal and human diseases. Infectious diseases are posing serious health threats to the life of both animal and human around the world. Vaccines are one of the strategies employed to prevent the spread of the infectious illnesses from a prophylactic side. The safety concern associated with the edible green vaccination has caught the interest of numerous researchers in laboratories all around the world. At the time being, edible green vaccines are being developed for human and veterinary purposes.  Additionally, this sort of vaccine has come under scrutiny due to the drastically lowered costs connected with the industrialization and marketing of edible green vaccines.  Before a vaccine is transferred from the lab to the medical market, it is customary for it to undergo extensive clinical studies.   Because of this, the majority of edible green vaccines discussed in various papers are still in the academic zone and haven’t moved into the industrial zone unless they can effectively overcome the clinical trials bottleneck.  We have gathered information in this minireview about the idea of edible green vaccines, transgenic food plants as renewable therapeutic factories, paradigms of edible green vaccines, current state, pros, cons, and future prospectives.

Abstract          The present study carried out to study the Annexin A2 gene Expression in oviduct epithelial cells of Iraqi cows with endometritis in comparison with it in the  oviduct epithelial cells of healthy cows. Fifty uterine sample were collected from cows with macroscopic change in the uterus, samples were divided into two groups (molecular and histopathology) group . the samples were taken from oviduct ampulla immediately plunged into liquid nitrogen; and stored at−80 ◦C until the  molecular study. The histological examination of 50 endometrial samples of the cows reproductive tract revealed that 30 samples exhibited histological changes associated with endometritis, while the 20 samples were normal endometrium . The molecular study involved RNA extraction from oviduct tissue ampulla and RNA concentration measurement by Quantus™ Fluorometer , cDNA syntheses and Quantitative Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) Preparation, The gene expression analysis of ANNEXIN A2 using RT-qPCR technology revealed a significant up-regulation in cows oviduct epithelial cell ampulla within endometritis compared to oviduct epithelial cells ampulla of normal endometrium cows (p-value< 0.0022) and significantly different (P < 0.01) the expression level (fold change) in oviduct with endometritis cows was (1.969)  whereas oviduct with normal endometrium cows (1.076). In conclusion ,the result indicated that presence of gross lesion changes does not be necessarily indicate microscopic pathological change, Annexin A2 up-regulation in oviduct epithelial cells ampulla of cows with endometritis. This study identified potential marker gene for fertility in dairy cattle.

Abstract The aim of this study conducted in Al- Diwaniyah province, in Iraq during the period from September 2023 to March 2024 was to determine seroprevalence  of Toxoplasma gondii infection in camels with study the effect of some epidemiological factors such as sex, age and months on the rate of infection  using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii infection   and molecular identification of these parasites.One hundred and forty blood and tissue samples were collected   from camels from the slaughter of the Al-Diwaniyah province. The results of total serological prevalence showed that 72 (51.42%) of the camels were infected. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence between age groups of camels that showed that the positive rate in >5-10 age group was highest (61.53%). Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in overall prevalence of camel's infection between sex. In the present study, significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded between infection rate during the months of the study and higher prevalence of infection rate was observed in February (90%) and January (75%), while lowest infection rate was observed in October (15% (While Molecular result was 39.28 % out of 140 camels tissue samples.

Abstract Anemia is a frequent multifactorial disease, defined by reduced red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration, which compromises the delivery of oxygen to body tissues. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a natural mitochondrial antioxidant, is well documented in its ability to combat oxidative stress and regulate a variety of metabolic processes. In this study, investigated the potential impact of ALA supplementation on blood and biochemical parameters of male albino rats with PHZ-induced anemia. Thirty rats were distributed randomly into three groups: healthy control group (C), PHZ-induced anemia (T1), and anemic group receiving ALA (T2). Several parameters were measured, including hematological parameters, indicators of iron status, thyroid hormones, and markers of oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, and CAT). The study findings confirmed that PHZ treatment resulted in the significant decrease of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, GSH, CAT, iron, ferritin, hepcidin, and T3 and T4 level, but the significant elevation of MDA and TSH levels . It must be particularly noted that ALA supplementation significantly improved blood indices, restored iron homeostasis, normalized the level of thyroid hormones, and increased the level of antioxidant protection. Statistically processed data provided significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among treated groups and an untreated anemic group. Overall, these results suggest that ALA is of potential value as a protective agent against the cytotoxic effects of anemia and oxidative stress.

Abstract Neospora caninum is one of the most important intracellular parasites, which infect dogs as intermediate and final host, as well as domestic animals as intermediate host, to result in severe economic losses. and causes neurological disorders and venereal problems in dogs. This study was conducted to detect N.caninum in domestic and a stray dogs and also to determine the effect of sex, age, and month on the incidence rate in Babylon Province.     Whole of 100 blood specimen were collected during the period from the beginning of July to the end of December 2024. dogs Neosporosis was detected in 9%(9/100) using conventional PCR. A high incidence rate was recorded in stray dogs11.1% (6/54) compared to domestic dogs which recorded an incidence rate of 6.5% (3/46) with no a great difference at P≥0.05. The prevalence rate in males was 9.6% (5/52) while in females 8.3% (4/48) without a great difference at P≥0.05. The highest infection rate was observed in adult domestic dogs7.6% (2/26) while the lowest rate was in puppies 5% (1/20) without great difference at P≥0.05. The prevalence rate changed during the different months studied where the highest and lowest rates (17.6% and 4.5%) were recorded in September and December respectively without great difference at P≥0.05. The present study used Molecular  diagnostic examination methods particularly (conventional PCR ) to identify the critical role of astray and domestic dogs in dissemination of N.caninum infection among animals in Babylon Province, Iraq.

Abstract Obesity is a complicated metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that may pose a higher risk for chronic diseases. The present study investigates the protective effects of Spirulina platensis extracts (SPEs) from both conventional and nano-formulated extraction against oxidative stress and liver function in rats with hyperlipidemia. Forty male albino rats were divided into five groups. The C group received normal saline only during the observation period. Hyperlipidemic group (T1) was treated with high fat diet (HFD) for 90 days without any medication. Group T2 was treated with the conventional ethanolic Spirulina extract (100 mg/kg/day) during the HFD. Group T3 was also administered Spirulina extract in a nano-form and in the same dose. Group T4 treated with ZnO-NPs (10 mg/kg/day) with HFD. Animals were treated for 30 days after hyperlipidemia induction. The body weight, and serum MDA, liver enzymes (ALT and AST) were significantly increased while antioxidant enzymes (GSH, CAT and SOD) were prominently reduced in T1 group, indicating oxidative damage. Spirulina treatment, particularly in nano-form (T3), resulted in remarkable enhancement in all previously evaluated parameters. The T3 treatment had the highest increment effect followed by the T2 and T4. This study concluded that nano-formulated Spirulina (T3) showed higher protection level compared to conventional form (T2) and ZnO-NPs (T4) implying that nanotechnology increases biological activity of natural antioxidants, especially under conditions associated with lipid accumulation and development of oxidative stress.

Abstract Ossa cordis is the skeleton of the heart of one humped camels. It plays an important role in the heart; our Study was done to analyze the morphological and histological structures of oscardia of the heart. Ten healthy adult hearts from one-humped camels were selected for morphological and histological investigation. The camel's cardia is a prominent, elongated bone that resembles a finger-like extension. It is lodged inside the heart wall the attachment point for the cardiac muscles. The os cordis surrounds the aortic base, particularly between left and right atrium. The typical morphometric measurements of ossa cordis in camels were as follows: weight (0.57 ± 0.12 gm), length (28.54 ± 2.28 mm), width (8.62 ± 1.12 mm), thickness (5.4 ± 0.24 mm), and volume (0.30 ± 0.03 cm3). Furthermore, the morphology and histological structures of the camel cardiac ossa cardia closely resemble those of many species in both large and small ruminants. However, the ossa cordis of camels is composed of cavities containing bone marrow, spongy bone, and collagen fibers.  The ossa cordis of one-humped camels is located in the heart. The organ is in the central region of the mature camel's body. It is positioned at the foundation of the main artery, between the right and left chambers of the heart. Therefore, it has similarities with certain ruminants while exhibiting differences from others. In terms of its histological components, it closely resembles those found in other animals. 

Abstract Lactic acid bacteria are members of probiotic bacteria and their metabolites as biosurfactants (BS_S) emerged as great antibiotics alternatives. The current study aimed to produce, purify and evaluate the antibiofilm effect of BSs produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus isolate against multidrug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus. BSs were screened by preliminary tests like emulsification assays, oil spreading test and foaming activity. Purification of BS_S was done by silica column chromatography, analyzed by FTIR and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Broth macro-dilution method was employed to find Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BS_S. Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time PCR was to study expression for fib gene implicated in biofilm formation of 30 isolates of MDR S. aureus before and after treating these isolates with three concentrations of sub-MIC of BS_S. Emulsification assay for BS_S was 67%, clear zone (diameter 7 cm) was formed on the surface of petri dish contain oil-water interface. The foaming activity displayed percentage of 60%. FTIR analysis proposed that it composed of glycolipoproteins. GC-MASS showed presence of different biologically compounds as Benzoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Linoelaidic acid. The MIC value of BS_S against MDR S.aureus isolates  was 0.625 mg/mL. The results revealed that 26 (86.6%) of MDR isolates were positive for biofilm production. Only 4 (13.3%) of isolates produced biofilm after treating with sub-MIC of BS_S. Chemical compounds in BS_S was exposed to the molecular docking analysis against one of biofilm protein (fib protein) of S.aureus. Benzoic_acid possess good affinity toward fib protein (binding energy is 7.5).

Abstract Many forms of urinary tract disorder could occur in cats, that difficult in differentiation between them, so that, this study was conducted to detect the Ultrasonographical and doppler finding of urinary tract disorders in cats. Study include 49 cats suffer from urinary system diseases, and other 10 cats being clinically normal consider as control group. Examination include percutaneous ultrasound  scanning of both kidneys and ureters and urinary bladder. From results the common changes appeared in the renal pelvis 43 (87.75%), bladder 28 (57.14%), bladder and renal pelvis 25 (51.02%), different types of urinary system disorders happen in cats, include bladder deposits in 3 cats (6.12%), cystitis in 23 cats (46.93%), and pyelonephritis in 37 cats (75.51%). Combined cystitis and renal pelvis were found in 35 cats (71.42%), while hydronephrosis was found in 22 cats (44.89%). No significant differences were found in the Doppler examination of diseased cats compared to healthy cats in the following values: left renal resistance index, blood flow velocity, first systolic velocity, and second systolic velocity for both the right and left kidneys. The study found various urinary tract disorders and the most common of which was renal pelvic inflammation, and ultrasound and doppler  scanning consider easy noninvasive technique to detect urinary tract diseases in cats

Abstract Energy drinks (EDs), e.g., Red Bull and Monster, are popular among adolescents and young; however, their cardiovascular adverse effects are a matter of concern given their high content of caffeine, taurine, and sugars. The aim of the study was to examine impact of two of the most common commercial energy drinks on the histological structure of the cardiac tissue for immature male albino rats. Methods: Forty young albinos male rats (5–6 weeks old, 120–140 g) were randomly divided into five groups (8 each). The control group was administrated normal diet and tap water. The initial group treated (T1) received Red Bull at a dose of 3.57 ml/kg, the second (T2) was 2xT1. T3 and T4 were injected with monster at the above dosages. The beverages were offered daily for 45d orally. After experiment,  animals were killed with an overdose of anesthesia, and their hearts were excised and mounted for microscopic observation by conventional histological techniques. Results: In the control group, the heart was healthy and normal in appearance. Slight thinning of muscle fibers and mild disorganization were noticed in T1. T2 had more severe damage was characterized by tissue disruption, hemorrhage and necrosis. T3 also demonstrated moderate damage, with most severe changes observed in T4, which received the highest level of exposure to Monster (extensive tissue damage, fiber-interstitial bleeding, and cell necrosis). Conclusion: Prolonged consumption of energy drinks, especially at high doses, induced severe structural damage in cardiac tissue of growing rats, raising concerns about the safety of energy drink consumption among adolescents and young adults.

Abstract Forty-eight male albino rats, aged 12–14 weeks and weighing 200–250 g, were used to assess the protective nano lutein effects on the male reproductive system from oxidative stress conditions. The experiment, conducted in the animal house of the Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, consisted of dividing the rats into six groups (n = 8 per group): a control group administered drinking water only; T1, administered 1% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂); T2, treated with normal lutein (48 mg/kg); T3, treated with nano lutein (24 mg/kg); T4, administered H₂O₂ and normal lutein; and T5, treated with H₂O₂ and nano lutein. Experimental period was 45 days.Results revealed that there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in serum testosterone, LH, and FSH levels of T1 rats treated with H₂O₂ only, as well as sperm concentration, motility, viability, and normal morphology. However, treatments T2 and T3 were not different from the control group, suggesting that lutein—normal and nano—did not exert any adverse effect on reproductive parameters. Interestingly, T4 and T5 groups (treated with H₂O₂ and either form of lutein) exhibited significant (P < 0.05) improvement in hormone profile and sperm quality when compared with T1, indicating a protective effect. Although T5 showed a greater improvement in results, the difference between T4 and T5 was not significant. The findings support nano lutein's antioxidant action in inhibiting oxidative damage in male reproductive function.

Abstract Abstract Sheep pox is a highly contagious infectious disease that primarily affects small ruminants such as sheep. The causative agent is a member of the Poxviridae family, and causes severe skin rashes, fever, diarrhea, deaths in young litters and abortions in pregnant ewes. In recent years, many single and multiple cases of SPV have been reported with failure of control and treatment strategies. This indicates that the SPV virus may undergo genetic changes that reduce host immunity, so it had to be studied to diagnose the gene encoded by the virus and identify its sequences, such as the apoptosis gene.   one hundred and twenty-five scab samples were collected from suspected   in the   Diwaniyah Province throughout September 2023 and January 2024, the samples were subjected to a PCR examination to identify the presence of the anti-apoptosis gene.  Result revealed that the expected amplicons size 515 bp of SPV was detected in forty samples (32%) of skin lesions. Number of base substitutions per site between sequences was shown. The identity score of apoptosis related gene of ten positive local isolates was 100% with Abu Gharib _Iraq vaccines Registered breeds in global sequences. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the partial apoptosis related gene showed that all samples tested were closely related in sequence alignment with NCBI-BLAST capripoxviruses: sheeppox virus envelope protein apoptosis related gene.  This study provided sequence information of anti-apoptotic gene for several SPV isolates, whichpositively affects the epidemiological study of Capripoxvirus

Abstract Ticks are among the most important arthropod vectors, responsible for transmitting a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, which pose serious threats to both human and animal health worldwide. Changes in the environment and increased interactions between humans and wildlife have expanded the geographic range of ticks, contributing to a rise in tick-borne diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of tick biology, ecology, and vector competence, alongside the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of major tick-borne zoonotic diseases such as Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). It also discusses current challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, emphasizing the importance of integrated surveillance and control strategies. By summarizing recent findings and highlighting knowledge gaps, this review aims to guide future research and support public health efforts to reduce the global impact of tick-borne zoonotic diseases. Ticks play a prominent role in causing new and re-emerging diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Abstract T This study was conducted to understand the effect of laser radiation on E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria found on the walls, floors, knives, and equipment of slaughterhouses. The current study involved collecting 160 clinical samples from slaughterhouses in Al-Diwaniyah and Babylon Governorates, Iraq.To ascertain how laser treatment affects bacterial adherence and biofilm formation, K. pneumoniae and E. coli. The outcomes for E. coli and k. pneumoniae showed that laser irradiation affected the production of biofilms and bacterial adhesion, especially when the total number of hits rose. The impact was greatest at 10 hits with 300jw energy. Overall, the findings demonstrated that lasers had reduced the bacterial biofilm and adhesion formation.

Abstract cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and hypertension, remain leading causes of mortality worldwide. These diseases are influenced by poor lifestyle, diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and genetic factors. This study evaluated the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as potential biomarkers for CVD diagnosis. A total of 100 serum samples (60 CVD patients, 40 healthy controls) were collected from hospitals in Baghdad and Al-Diwaniyah. Samples were analyzed using sandwich ELISA in triplicate. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlation, and ROC analysis. CRP levels were significantly elevated in CVD patients (4.06 ± 2.23 mg/L) compared to controls (0.849 ± 0.68 mg/L) (p < 0.0001). MMP-9 levels were also significantly higher (p < 0.0001). ROC curve analysis showed strong diagnostic performance, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.961 for CRP and 0.925 for MMP-9. CRP had perfect sensitivity (100%) and higher accuracy in identifying CVD. A weak inverse correlation was observed between CRP and MMP-9 (r = –0.121, p > 0.05), indicating they may operate through different biological pathways. Both CRP and MMP-9 are significantly elevated in CVD patients and may serve as useful, complementary biomarkers. CRP demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy. Further longitudinal and multi-marker studies are recommended.

Abstract This study was conducted to explore the genetic effects of bottled water stored at different temperature conditions (25°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C) on Drosophila melanogaster. The water samples were first analyzed chemically for lead, cadmium, and ethylene concentrations, followed by their incorporation into the insect's culture medium. The experiment examined phenotypic mutations, specifically vestigial wing and ebony body color traits, as well as changes in the mitotic index of third instar larvae. Thus, exposure to bottled water stored at 50°C induced a higher incidence of wing deformities (25%) and ebony body mutations than that of the control group (25°C; no abnormalities) as shown. In addition, there was a clear increase in mitotic activity, from 65 in the control to 76.3 at 50°C, these results pointing to genotoxic effects induced possibly by migration of toxic plastic-derived compounds into the water. The findings of this study highlight the need for rigorous storage of bottled water, and suggest the need for stronger regulation and measurement at the molecular level of migration of chemicals from packaging materials.

Abstract This case report focuses on a Persian kitten that was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Mosul University, at the age of 3.5 months, weighing 0.72 kg, unvaccinated, showing fever, lethargy, and anorexia. The kitten became hypothermic as a result of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Because of severity of the disease, prognosis remained poor despite urgent intensive care. Two hours after the start of therapy, the kitten died without responding. Fecal sample was collected with a sterile swab and tested for feline distemper virus antigen using a commercial immunochromatographic test. DNA was extracted from feces for PCR diagnosis. Following kitten's death, a necropsy was performed; tissues of ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. These tissues were paraffin-embedded, sectioned at 5 μm, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined by light microscopy. Diagnostic tests confirmed parvovirus infection: the fecal immunochromatographic test was positive, and PCR yielded a 695 bp amplicon. Histopathology revealed characteristic amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies marginating chromatin, along with necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and glandular atrophy in the ileum. Similar inclusion bodies, lymphoid depletion, necrosis, and increased fibrosis were present in the mesenteric lymph node and spleen. The liver exhibited inclusion bodies, coagulative hepatocyte necrosis, and inflammation. In conclusion, the histopathological changes confirmed that gastroenteritis was fatal form of feline distemper. This case highlights how the disease is fatal and ongoing threat to unvaccinated kittens. 

Abstract The present study  was undertaken at Al-Qadisiyah slaughter house located in Al-Diwaniyah City, throughout the period from (June –August  2023) and ( Dec. – Feb. 2024) to evaluate certain biochemical components(Glucose. Cholesterol and Total Protein) in the follicular fluid of Iraqi Sheep. A total of (240)ovaries were collected from (120) adult non-pregnant ewes(72 samples of follicular fluids for each size, 12samples/month), age ranging between (2 to 3) years old in a good health with normal genitalia tracts. The diameter of  ovarian follicles were measured using calipers, the follicles were distributed  into three categories: small (<3mm), medium (3-5mm) and large (6-10 mm), follicular fluid aspirated per follicle size within the same ewe and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. the supernatant was collected to use for determine  concentration  of glucose, Cholesterol and total protein in the ovarian follicular fluid.  The results shown  that season of year and size of follicle affected significantly(P<0.01)  on glucose and cholesterol concentration, while total protein  concentration did not influenced by season and follicle size, in addition, there was a highly significant differences(P<0.01) recorded among sized follicles within the seasons. However, the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and total protein in the follicular fluid were decreased as the follicle sizes increased.

Abstract To date, Ivermectin is one of the advisable medications widely used in the therapy, domination effort of internal and  external  parasites in ruminants, but its efficacy and resistance developing during the last years remain questionable. The efficacy of Ivermectin and the resistance state of  gastrointestinal;  round worms in sheep farms was the goal of the current work survey. 300 fecal samples collected from male sheep (≥7 months) represented 6 sheep flocks (n=730)  from different regions in Mosul city, Iraq. The efficacy of the Ivermectin in one farm with EPG ≥200 was evaluated using a fecal egg count reduction test on day zero (0) and day 14 post-treatment by subcutaneously injecting Tectin^® (each 1 ml contains 10 mg Ivermectin) 0.2 mg/kg B.W. Moreover, the World Association of Advancement for Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines were referenced to detect the resistance. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was 47%, comprising Haemonchus spp. 6.66%, Ostertagia spp. 8.66%, Nematodirus spp. 14%, and Trichostrongylus spp. 17.66%. The efficacy of Ivermectin (71%) and the lower limit confidence interval (95%) was 46%, indicating AR to Ivermectin. As documented above, resistance of nematodes to anthelmintic classes, including Ivermectin, could potentially serve as a risk role in propagation, consequence, and maintaining parasitic burden to the productivity of ruminant farms, in addition to solidification set for hindering, monitoring and awareness of the sources of resistance being recommended.

Abstract Infections with Escherichia coli (E. coli) affect poultry of all ages and types. It is frequently associated with poor hygiene, unmet technology needs, or respiratory problems.  The current study was intended to detect the isolation and identification of E. coli as a secondary infection in broiler chickens co-infected with AMPV in Duhok, Iraq. The duration of the study started from September 2024 to March 2025, about 120 nasal and tracheal swabs were collected from infected broilers aged 3-6 weeks from 20 flocks in Duhok city. Furthermore, microbiological culturing and biochemical examinations were done to identify E. coli. The samples were isolated and identified to detect E. coli using MacConckey Agar (MCA), Eosin Methylene blue agar (EMBA), Gram staining, indole test, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer (MR-VP), citrate, and triple sugar iron agar (TSIA), and antibiotic susceptibility test. Overall (83.3%) of broilers had been infected with  E. coli .Out of 100 isolates were examined for the antimicrobial susceptibility test, It was stated that the isolates exhibited antibiotic resistance Amoxicillin, Cephalothin, Tetracyclin, Fosfomycin, Taichamphnicol, Spiramycin, lincomycin, tilocin, doxacillin were 100 % and ciprofloxacin was 78% and neomycin  was 96% , Cephalexin was 92% and Erythromycin was 98%, Tylosin was 96%, Levofloxacin 54% Trimethoprime-Sulfamethoxazole was 90% , Azithromycin was 80% ,Gentamycin               was 46%  and  Enrofloxacin was 46%. It is essential to use effective prevention and control strategies to decrease the disease.

Abstract Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading etiologic agent of sinusitis, and it is notorious for its multiple virulence factors and genes encoding antibiotic resistance. Molecular screening of those genes is important for elucidating its pathogenic role and for helping clinically effective intervention. In this study, the important virulence and resistance genes of S. aureus among the SSSS patients was determined by PCR.
Methods: Out of 100 clinical specimens collected from patients with sinusitis, 48 strains were confirmed as S. aureus by both cultural media and biochemical tests and over VITEK 2 system. Genomic DNA was used for PCR to amplify 16S rRNA gene, mecA, ermA, ermB, ermC (erythromycin resistance genes), and fnbA, fnbB, hlg, tst (virulence genes). The PCR products were examined by means of agarose gel electrophoresis.
Results: All 48 isolates were positive for the 16S rRNA and mecA genes indicating identification of the bacterium and methicillin resistance. Of the macrolide resistance genes ermA and ermC were found in 50% of the isolates and the ermB in 12.5%. Regarding virulence genes, fnbA was detected in 70.83%, hlg and tst in 66.66% and fnbB in 50% of isolates.
Conclusion: Molecular characterization of S. aureus isolates from sinus infections uncovered a high prevalence of methicillin resistance and virulence factors, especially fnbA, hlg, and tst. PCR-based detection was proved to be efficient and dependable to provide rapid diagnosis of clinically important genes to the field of molecular epidemiological surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship.

Abstract Food safety has garnered significant global attention as foodborne illnesses emerge as a major public health threat. Staphylococcus aureus produces a diverse array of toxins, including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), all of which exhibit emetic activity. Three hundred fifty different samples were collected from four streets in Erbil, located in Iraq's Kurdistan Region, between August and November 2024. The results of the current study revealed that the prevalence rate of S. aureus was 43.4% (152/350). The prevalence varied by area, with rates of 38.8% on the 30-meter street, 50% on the 40-meter street, 36.7% on the 60-meter street, and 48% on the 100-meter street. Additionally, it was discovered that each S. aureus isolate possessed 100% nuc and coa genes. The prevalence of S. aureus isolates carrying the sea, seb, sec, and tst genes was 82.5%, 17.5%, 75%, and 32.5%, respectively. However, none of the isolates contained the sed or see genes. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were classified into 11 distinct gene profiles. The most prevalent gene profile, comprising (nuc + coa + sea + sec), was observed in 42.5% of the isolates. Based on the seb gene, six unique strains of S. aureus have been registered in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these newly identified isolates share high similarities with previously characterized S. aureus strains from various regions worldwide.

Abstract Echinococcus granulosus larvae produce cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatidosis. It is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic infections in livestock globally. This study aimed to: To determine the prevalence of the infected herbivorous animals with hydatid cyst within Erbil City. A cross-sectional investigation was carried out in Erbil City to ascertain the risk variables linked to the incidence of the illness and to estimate the prevalence of hydatidosis in animals (cows, goats, and sheep). A minimum of two vets examined every animal that was slaughtered. Records from the Erbil City abattoir show that 583 cows (0.9%) and 1505 sheep and goats (1.24%) have hydatid cyst illness during the 10 months (3/1/2023 – 19/10/2023), The majority of affected animals were adults, while some young animals were also infected. Erbil City still has an endemic hydatid cyst. Sheep play a crucial part in the maintenance of the Echinococcus granulosus life cycle because they have a higher prevalence, intensity, and fertility of hydatid cysts than other species.

Abstract Parasitic infestations in wildlife are significant biomarker of the present state of ecosystems, and studying these infections is essential for better understanding natural epidemiological hotspots. Animals infected with parasites are therefore susceptible to pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, wild birds have an important role in transmitting and spreading many zoonotic diseases, which has a great impact on the health of humans and birds. In this study, samples were collected from the intestinal contents of (50) wild pigeons from different areas in the city of Diwaniyah during the period extending from the beginning of September 2024 to the end of March 2025. The birds were dissected and samples were taken from the intestinal contents to investigate intestinal protozoa. The results of the microscopic examination showed the infection of 14 infected pigeons were frozen and preserved for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. The results revealed two genera of intestinal protozoa, Cryptosporidium sp. and Isospora sp., with infection rates of 85.71% and 14.28%, respectively.

Abstract This study aims to determine the SAT-2 serotype causing FMD outbreak in buffalo in Wassit and Dhi-Qar governorates, Iraq. This was done by clinical and serological methods. ELISA technology, which measures antibody levels in buffalo serum samples. 92 blood samples were collected from infected buffalo for antibody screening against FMDV serotype SAT-2 in infected animals which develop antibodies against the non-structural proteins (NSP) of the virus. Affected animals showed various clinical signs, such as fever, decreased appetite, mouth and foot vesicles, and lameness. According to the results of serological tests, the infection rate reached 85/92 positive samples (92.39%). The results showed, Age and sexspecific investigations of FMDV seropositivity did not reveal any statistically significant differences. The age groups (6-18 months and 18-36 months) had lowest infection rate (91.42%) and (92%) respectively, where as the age group 36 months, had highest rate of infection at (93.75%). Also, the results revealed, the seroprevalence rates infection for males were (90.6%), which had lowest than females (93.33%). This study, confirms a widespread outbreak of FMD caused by the SAT2 serotype in buffalo populations across the Wassit and Dhi-Qar governorates of Iraq. The study's findings may offer helpful information about how FMD protection measures are established and carried out in Iraq.

Abstract Gallstones are crystalline deposits that form in the gallbladder, often due to bile stasis, dietary factors, and oxidative stress, leading to significant gallbladder dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the pathological impact of oxidative stress, lithogenic diets, and antioxidant therapy on gallbladder health and gallstone formation in rabbits. The working hypothesis proposed that gallbladder dyskinesia, linked to pathological wall changes and bile stasis, plays a central role in gallstone formation. Thirty-six healthy local rabbits (10–14 months old, 900–1480 g) were allocated into six groups, each with three males and three females. The control group received a standard diet and water. The H2O2 group was given a standard diet plus 1% hydrogen peroxide in water to induce oxidative stress. The DHC + H2O2 group received 1% dihydrocholesterol (starting week 4) and 1% H2O2 to simulate cholesterol gallstone development. The DHC + vitamin AD3E group followed the same lithogenic diet and were injected with vitamin AD3E (0.1 ml/kg) twice weekly as antioxidant therapy. The cholic + H2O2 group was administered 0.5% cholic acid (from week 4) and 1% H2O2. The cholic + vitamin AD3E group had a similar cholic acid diet along with vitamin AD3E injections. At week six, all rabbits were euthanized, and gallbladders were collected for analysis. The results showed that combining a lithogenic diet with oxidative stress significantly induced gallstone formation and gallbladder damage. Antioxidant therapy with vitamin AD3E offered partial protection, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. However, 50% of rabbits in the DHC + vitamin AD3E group still developed gallstones, compared to 100% in the DHC + H2O2 group. In conclusion, lithogenic diets combined with oxidative stress accelerate gallstone development and cause epithelial damage, while antioxidant therapy mitigates but does not entirely prevent these effects. Further studies are needed to explore the protective mechanisms of antioxidants.

Abstract This experimental study set out to investigate the protective effects of L-carnitine and gum Arabic supplementations, either alone or in combination, against High Fat Diet (HFD) obesity-related complications in male Wistar rats. A total of 48 three-month-old rats weighing 160–180g were randomly assigned to six groups. The control group was given standard diet and water, while the other groups (T1– T5) were fed with HFD with 30% animal fat for 60 days to induce hyperlipidemia and T5 maintained on a standard diet. After the lipid elevation was confirmed, cure regimens were applied for 30 days: T2=f 600 mg/kg GA, T3= f 250 mg/kg L- Carnitine, T4=Both agents, and T5=Both agents were administered alongside a standard diet.The rats of the untreated HFD group (T1) showed statistically significant higher body weight, serum lipids (total cholesterol (TC), TGs, LDL, VLDL), liver and renal function tests (AST, ALT, urea, creatinine) and atherogenic index, with reduction in HDL, in comparison with that in the control group. On the other hand, the treatment groups, especially T4 and T5 showed obvious ameliorations of lipid metabolism, organ function and body weight regulating. These findings indicate promising role for L-carnitine and gum Arabic against the metabolic disorders associated with obesity. Combined treatment provided better results, which suggested a synergic effect in treatment of diet-induced obesity.

Abstract Shigella flexneri is among the common causes of bacillary dysentery in children, especially in developing countries. The intracellular invasion and replication of Shigella within intestinal epithelial cells are regulated by a number of virulence-associated genes, the most important of which are virF and ial, situated on a large virulence plasmid. One hundred stool specimens were obtained from pediatric patients suffering from acute diarrhea attended Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. Shigella flexneri was confirmed through microbiological and biochemical tests among a portion of the isolates from which genomic DNA was extracted for molecular studies. PCRs were carried out as described for the virF and ial genes using specific primers. The virF gene was detected in 40% isolates, and the ial gene in 30% of isolates, and the combination of both genes was noted in few percentages of isolates. These results reveal significant genetic diversity in circulating strains and emphasize the potential of molecular screening for highly virulent isolates.The aim of the study was to detect the presence of virF and ial genes in Shigella flexneri isolates to assess genetic variability and identify potentially more virulent strains. Comprehension of the distribution of invasion associated genes may strengthen epidemiological monitoring and might have potential implications to improve diagnostic methods and preventive measures for pediatric shigellosis.

Abstract This study examined the distribution and prevalence of Musca domestica (houseflies) in several places throughout Duhok Province, concentrating on sites with significant organic waste, including slaughterhouses, meat markets, and fruit warehouses. Flies were collected using sticky fly catcher paper, net catchers (similar to tennis balls), and plastic containers from 18 sub-districts, including: Animal Slaughter House (Khanke), Baroshke live poultry market, Besere live poultry market, Nizarke live poultry market, Bahdinan live poultry market (Zrka area), Duhok live poultry market (Masek area), Nawroz live poultry market, Jiwan live poultry market, Besere Area - Village (east of Duhok City), permanent live animal market (Doulibe Village), meat market (Doulibe Village), Duhok - main meat markets, Souq Al-Asri meat markets, Duhok - zoo, Duhok - warehouse of fruits, Shahidan fruits market, Duhok - dam, and Hshkaro rivers (in the centre of Duhok City). Specimens were kept in 70% ethanol and identified morphologically with a single concave microscope. Descriptive data indicated a total of 382 Musca domestica specimens collected, with a mean count of 21.22 per site. High-risk locations, like Baroshke Live Poultry market (33 flies) and the meat market in Doulibe Village (31 flies), demonstrated the largest fly populations, presumably attributable to the accumulation of organic waste. Moderate-risk zones, such as Khanke Animal Slaughter House (26 flies) and Souq Al-Asri Meat Markets (26 flies), exhibited intermediate levels, and low-risk locations like Shahidan Fruits Market (9 flies) recorded the lowest counts. Statistical analysis employing one-way ANOVA revealed substantial disparities in fly numbers among sites (p = 0.003). The results underscore the need of focused pest management, enhanced sanitation, and public awareness initiatives to reduce fly populations and related health hazards. Recommendations encompass systematic cleaning protocols, appropriate trash management, and community education to diminish breeding habitats and successfully regulate Musca domestica populations.

Abstract Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is an important cause of gastrointestinal infections in both humans and animals, and represents a serious public health concern. Understanding the impact of antibiotic resistance profiles of DEC pathotypes on both populations is critical to inform antibacterial strategies and zoonotic prevention strategies. This study was conducted in Muthanna Governorate, Iraq and. aims to make a comprehensive analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns between DEC isolates from human and animal sources.  A total of 475 clinically confirmed diarrheal samples (125 from children and 350 from lambs) were investigated for E. coli isolation, and the recovered isolates were subjected to molecular detection of five major DEC pathotypes: Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all confirmed DEC isolates using the Vitek 2 system. The results revealed significant differences in antibiotic resistance patterns between human and animal DEC isolates., A striking contrast with ETEC was displayed - while human ETEC isolates were non-MDRs, all animals ETEC isolates were classified as MDR (P = 0.0003). Additionally, aminoglycoside resistance in ETEC was more in animals (100%) than humans (55.6%), although not significant (P = 0.49). EAEC showed comparable MDR circulation between humans (36.4%) and animals (50%), while STEC remained equally non-MDR in both groups. High sensitivity for carbapenems, polymyxins and quinolones seen in both humans and animals isolates was encouraging, although some animal isolates with the emergence of intermediate resistance in isolates. These findings highlight the need for targeted surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship programs that account for the distinct resistance dynamics between human and animal DEC populations to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance.