Neospora caninum is one of the most important intracellular parasites, which infect dogs as intermediate and final host, as well as domestic animals as intermediate host, to result in severe economic losses. and causes neurological disorders and venereal problems in dogs. This study was conducted to detect N.caninum in domestic and a stray dogs and also to determine the effect of sex, age, and month on the incidence rate in Babylon Province.
    Whole of 100 blood specimen were collected during the period from the beginning of July to the end of December 2024. dogs Neosporosis was detected in 9%(9/100) using conventional PCR. A high incidence rate was recorded in stray dogs11.1% (6/54) compared to domestic dogs which recorded an incidence rate of 6.5% (3/46) with no a great difference at P≥0.05. The prevalence rate in males was 9.6% (5/52) while in females 8.3% (4/48) without a great difference at P≥0.05. The highest infection rate was observed in adult domestic dogs7.6% (2/26) while the lowest rate was in puppies 5% (1/20) without great difference at P≥0.05. The prevalence rate changed during the different months studied where the highest and lowest rates (17.6% and 4.5%) were recorded in September and December respectively without great difference at P≥0.05. The present study used Molecular  diagnostic examination methods particularly (conventional PCR ) to identify the critical role of astray and domestic dogs in dissemination of N.caninum infection among animals in Babylon Province, Iraq.