Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease is regarded as a serious veterinary problem because it can be costly to identify, treat, and monitor, resulting in significant financial losses in the herd. The study was carried out to identify the most important clinical signs and determine the type and severity of lung lesions using ultrasonography. Twenty local cow breeds, aged 3 to 8 years, were used in the current study. A case history was obtained, clinical signs were recorded on a clinical card, and the lungs were examined firstly by auscultation using a stethoscope, and then ultrasound evaluation was carried out using a portable KX5100 vet ultrasound machine with a 3.5 MHz curved probe. Clinical examination indicated that all cows had coughed, while 85%, 80%, and 70% of the cows had lacrimation, nasal discharge, and fever, respectively. According to an ultrasound of the lungs, 60% of the lesions were acute and 40% were chronic. The most common lesions in acute cases were irregular pleural surface (89%), comet tail artifact (71%), and abnormal alveologram (65%). In 40% of cases, chronic lung consolidation lesions were also observed. Ultrasound is very effective at detecting lung lesions. By using ultrasound imaging, it is possible to distinguish between acute and chronic lung lesions in cows..

Abstract This study was acted in Karbala and Qadisiyah governarat center of Iraq in perioed from Septemper to October 22 request to location of the crafty Free living amoebae (FLA) and recognized by morphological characters in culture, Polymeras chain response (PCR) by 18SrRNA general FLA primers. 181 samples were gathered from 123 clinical cases including, eye, skin, nose from creatures and human, and CSF from human and 58 samples were gathered from environmental samples were gathered from various sources of water , soil .All samples were refined in the Non Supplement agar medium (NN-agar medina) and then inspected by light microscope to perceived Morphologically the flagellate, trophozoite and cyst of opportunistic amoebas for 12/181 samples included 5/58(2.276%) environmental source (water and soil ) and 7/123( 3.867%) clinical(eye,skin,nose samples) from animals were positive to Naegleria spp. Ten from12 tests from environmental and clinical sources were disconnected of common FLA that were positive microscopically, the outcome was positive for three samples for Naegleria gruberi after analyzed sequences. The study of isolation and molecular diagnosis of Naegleria gruberi is the first of its kind in Iraq, and It is the first recorded in Iraq in the Gene Bank database.

Abstract Balantidium coli is a rare protozoan that infects humans. It is the only known ciliate parasite in people. The infection often comes from pigs or primates. It spreads through food or water that has been contaminated. Some people have no symptoms. Others may get diarrhea, dysentery, or long-term bowel problems. Studies show that B. coli can change the gut microbiome. Helpful bacteria like Bacteroidota and short-chain fatty acid producers may decrease. Harmful bacteria such as Campylobacterota and Brachyspira may increase. These shifts can harm the gut lining and trigger inflammation. The parasite eats bacteria, damages the gut wall, and changes nutrient levels. The immune system’s reaction can also promote harmful bacteria. These changes can remain after the infection clears, raising the chance of future illness. This imbalance can weaken the gut barrier. Bacteria may then pass into the blood. The balance of short-chain fatty acids may also change, affecting colon health and metabolism. Chronic cases may cause poor nutrient absorption. Checking the gut microbiome could help diagnose the infection. It could also guide treatment. Using antiparasitic drugs with probiotics or prebiotics may help restore balance. Understanding how B. coli affects gut bacteria could lead to better ways to prevent and treat the disease in people and animals.

Abstract Histological quantification of lung includes measuring and analyzing the proportions of respiratory area, the respiratory bronchioles which lead to the alveolar sacs and alveoli where gas exchange occurs, and connective tissue quantification, the amount of collagen and elastic fibers, which provide support and elasticity for the lung. This can be done by techniques like image analysis software and histological staining methods, such as Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichrome and Van Gieson to differentiate connective tissue from air spaces. The present analysis aimed to quantify and compare the respiratory area and connective tissue between two adult, healthy of both sexes independent animal groups cow and sheep based on ten specimens per group (n = 10) were collected from local slaughterhouse in summer (2025). The analysis revealed no significant differences between respiratory area of cow and sheep (P > 0.05), that the average respiratory area in sheep (90.18 µm2) was moderately higher than that in cow (85.21 µm2), indicating a more efficient structure for gas exchange, which associated with higher metabolic demands and active lifestyle of sheep. In contrast, cow lung significantly demonstrated greater amount of connective tissue, suggesting increased structural support necessary for large body size but reduced respiratory efficiency

Abstract Aspects of animal health are put at risk from feed, contaminated with pesticides, water, milk, meat, eggs and their residues. Many of these residues, particularly on farms, are difficult to eliminate. Fungi able to grow in extreme conditions of heat, salinity, and extreme pH, termed extremophilic, have garnered much research interest due to their unusual enzymes and probable resilience to acute environmental change and consequent of swift and thorough biodegradation. This retrospective study examined both historical and recent literature concerning contaminated animal products and the biodegradation potential of extremophilic fungi. Numerous databases, as well as other less conventional, both grey and published, literature were searched to find publications that specialized on animal exposure to pesticides and products residues, as well as extreme fungi degrading animal residues. Priority was given to thermophilic, halophilic and alkaliphilic taxa. Extracted metrics were concerning types of pesticides, environmental conditions, enzymes, classes, degradation results, and outcomes. Historical Exposed historical records portray cross-regional and cross-temporal animal exposure. Early periods were characterized by dominance of organochlorine and organophosphate, while latter periods were characterized by dominance of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Pesticide residue concentrations within animal products have been declining, yet ever-present. Organochlorines and organophosphate residues have shown the highest concentration, and measurable concentration of residue products still persist within animal products. Extremally of heath, salinity and ph, active, dominant, and consistently fusible extremophilic fungi possessing laccase, peroxidase, and cytochrome P450 systems loose fossilized imprints engaged in the degradation of complex and diverse classes of pesticides.

Abstract Using molecular and microscopic techniques, we assessed the prevalence of Toxocara canis in 270 stray dogs in Southern Iraq between January and June 2025. Season, age, and gender effects on prevalence were noted. Using the fecal flotation approach, we discovered that almost 23% of the men and women were infected, with 23.7% and 22.8% of the cases being identical. In February, when the temperature was about 26°C and the humidity was about 30%, the prevalence reached its highest point at 40%. Compared to adults (15.8%), the incidence was greater (P < 0.05) in younger dogs (34.9%). According to PCR, the identity of T. canis 3 and 4 was 99%, while the prevalence was 58% for 10 isolates that were identical to those obtained in Iran (accession no. KF577855.1). 99% similarity between the 10 isolates' Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1) regions and reference sequences of T. canis from China (accession no. JF837169.1) was found in the results.

Abstract Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in poultry remain a serious problem for animal health and food safety. Among these, Enterococcus faecalis and Pasteurella multocida are frequent pathogens. Curcumin is a natural compound with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, but its poor solubility and stability limit clinical use. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of nano-formulated curcumin against MDR of broiler chickens. Here, 100 clinical samples were collected from lungs and ceca of broilers in Al-Qadisiyah Province. Isolates were identified by culture and PCR. Nanocurcumin was prepared using a PVA-PEG solvent evaporation method and characterized by UV-Vis, SEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH assay. Nanocurcumin showed significant antibacterial activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Against Pasteurella, inhibition zones increased from 9.8 ± 0.42 mm at 20 mg/mL to 20.01 ± 0.86 mm at 80 mg/mL (p < 0.05). For Enterococcus, inhibition zones remained smaller (7.1 ± 0.14 to 7.6 ± 0.15 mm across concentrations) but were still significant compared with controls (p < 0.05). MIC values were 83.3 ± 16.6 µg/mL for Pasteurella and 166.6 ± 33.3 µg/mL for Enterococcus. Nanocurcumin also showed strong antioxidant activity, reaching 83.22 ± 0.26% radical scavenging at 160 µg/ml. In conclusion, nanocurcumin is a promising natural agent with antibacterial and antioxidant potential against MDR poultry pathogens. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm safety and application in animal farming.

Abstract Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are a revolutionary technology in the field of human medicine and are currently being considered to be utilised in veterinary work. Their main strengths include the ability to induce humoral as well as cellular immunity, their short production cycles and their relatively acceptable safety profiles. molecular instability has been identified to be one of the most significant obstacles to the translation of these advantages into veterinary practise, which is not unique to veterinary medicine, but is also a serious concern with human mRNA vaccines development and storage. The possible constraints related to the veterinary use of mRNA vaccines include issues with the delivery system, potential species-related differences in immunogenicity, scalability of production, use of and dependence on cold-chain logistics. Though these considerations have not been currently determined to be significant barriers in the field of veterinary medicine, the active work done in the field of (LNP) formulations, thermostable preparations, and self-amplifying mRNA platforms in the period of 2020-2025 helps to have them mitigated. to enhance the attempts to resolve these problems mRNA vaccines have shown protection against rabies, porcine coronaviruses and feline infectious peritonitis virus, but poultry models have shown good immune responses to Marek’s Disease and avian influenza. The above case studies indicate that the veterinary mRNA vaccines have the potential to transform the field by offering customizable, fast deployable and cost effective alternatives to traditional vaccines. The future research directions include to eliminate the use of a cold-chain to improve the stability of RNAdistribution.

Abstract Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the most significant pathogens in poultry medicine, responsible for chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. As a member of the class Mollicutes, MG is distinguished by its lack of a cell wall, small genome, and parasitic lifestyle. Infections cause substantial economic losses in the global poultry industry through reduced productivity, increased mortality, and costs of treatment and prevention. This review summarizes current knowledge on MG, including its history, taxonomy, morphological and molecular characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, immune responses, diagnostic strategies, antibiotic resistance, control measures, and vaccination. Future perspectives are also outlined, emphasizing genomic insights, host–pathogen interactions, and novel therapeutics.Mycoplasmas are unique prokaryotes, representing the smallest free-living organisms. They lack a rigid cell wall, possess reduced genomes, and depend heavily on host-derived nutrients . Among avian mycoplasmas, MG is of particular importance, causing CRD in chickens and sinusitis in turkeys, both of which impair flock performance and increase susceptibility to secondary infections such as Escherichia coli . Despite decades of research, MG remains globally prevalent, and avian mycoplasmosis is listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) as a notifiable disease due to its transboundary and economic impact

Abstract Salmonella remains a major global pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income regions, with global rise of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella underscores the urgent need for effective vaccines. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major glycolipid of the outer membrane, is a potent immunogen capable of stimulating both innate and adaptive immunity. When combined with complete or incomplete adjuvants, LPS-based vaccines enhance antigen presentation, cytokine release, and protective antibody responses, The integration of lipopolysaccharide in vaccine formulations represents a promising strategy to enhance the immune response against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains. Developing an effective lipopolysaccharide-adjuvant vaccine against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella presents numerous challenges, including ensuring safety, enhancing immunogenicity, and overcoming bacterial variability. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a central role in recognizing LPS and initiating protective immunity, though host genetic variation influences the response. This review highlights the role of LPS in immunity and vaccination in reduced dependence on antibiotic interventions and of combating antibiotic resistance through novel vaccine strategies.

Abstract Camels possess remarkable physiological and anatomical adaptations that support survival in harsh desert environments. This study aimed to examine the microscopic architecture of the trachea and lungs in healthy adult one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Five camels of both sexes, aged 3–7 years, were examined post-slaughter. Tracheal and lung tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed through standard histological methods, sectioned at 6 µm, and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome. Microscopic observations revealed that the tracheal wall comprised mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia. The mucosal epithelium consisted of tall pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with interspersed goblet cells, forming a mucociliary defense system. The lamina propria displayed loose connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers and blood vessels, while the submucosa contained sparse tubuloacinar mucus glands. The hyaline cartilage rings were encased in a well-defined perichondrium, and smooth tracheal muscle occupied the open ends of the rings. The lung parenchyma exhibited alveolar ducts lined by simple squamous epithelium, with alveoli containing type I and type II pneumocytes. Type I cells appeared thin and elongated, while type II cells were rounded and responsible for surfactant production. Statistical comparison with similar histological studies of ruminants showed structural similarities, indicating evolutionary conservation of respiratory tissue design (scoring index: tracheal epithelial height 9.5±0.3 µm; alveolar wall thickness 2.1±0.2 µm, p<0.05). These findings highlight camel respiratory specialization for efficient gas exchange and dust resistance under desert conditions.

Abstract The microbiome steers mucosal and systemic immunity. Recent mouse and translational studies are connecting nutrients to barrier control and immune tone. High fat diets increase permeability, endotoxemia, and inflammation. Fiber and prebiotics enrich immune tolerant, short-chain-fatty-acid producers. Bile acids act as microbes and host signals. Polyphenols restructure communities and lower pro-inflammatory signals. Specific strains and humanized communities allow testing of causal relationships. Purified diets reduce variability and increase reproducibility. Modern analytics delineate the diet, metabolite, and immune response triad. They include metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, targeted metabolomics, and flow cytometry. Protocols now align feeding schedules with sampling periods to capture early immune shifts and microbial changes. It suggests employing precise diets and tracking microbial metabolites over time. Immune responses should be evaluated with specific assays. The intestinal barrier must be protected and reinforced. High fiber and polyphenol diets are preferable. Type of fat and bile-acid signals deserve scrutiny. For causal questions, gnotobiotic and humanized models are the most dependable. Combined, multi-omics tools and immune phenotyping should be used. Versions of code and protocol need to be published. These increase strength and reproducibility of studies on diet, microbiome, and immune associations. They assist in the translational progression of laboratory data towards both preventive and therapeutic applications.

Abstract Zinc is important for poultry metabolism, immunity, and growth at trace levels. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of organic and inorganic zinc supplementation in poultry’s diet on biochemical and hematological parameters. Thus, 300 one-day Ross 308 chicks were used in the experiment. The chicks were assigned in groups of one hundred for each treatment. The control treatment received no zinc supplementation and the first treatment (T1) received 250 mg with organic zinc acetate and the second treatment (T2) received 250 mg of inorganic zinc oxide. The experiment lasted 6 weeks with controlled conditions with food and water provided ad libitum. On the 42nd day of the experiment, blood samples were taken and analyzed for glucose (G), total proteins (Tp), triglycerides (Tg), cholesterol (C), uric acid (UA), creatinine (C), liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), and hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV). With the help of one-way and two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test, it was established that organic zinc supplementation improved the total proteins, ALP, RBC, and Hb count while also effectively controlling blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid levels relative to control. Inorganic zinc produced moderate improvement in these indices. The biochemical stability and organic zinc group's clear and controlled results showed a 12–15% enhancement and a 10–14% improvement in the organic zinc group compared to the control group. Results further confirm the excellent physiological effectiveness and bioavailability of organic zinc, justifying its addition to commercial broiler diets to improve health and productivity.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic condition associated with hyperglycemia, which either insulin resistance, insulin secretion insufficiency, or a combination of both can cause. The antidiabetic treatment options, insulin, metformin, and more recent pharmacological treatments, possess some limitations, such as adverse effects, insufficient efficacy, and poor adherence, which require safer and more thorough treatment strategies. Geniposide is a multitarget antidiabetic agent with β-cell protective and glucose homeostasis-regulatory effects. In preclinical research, geniposide inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by AMPK-FoxO1 signaling, raises insulin release, lowers oxidative stress and inflammation, and promotes peripheral glucose absorption through PI3K/Akt-GLUT4. Geniposide also regulates metabolic homeostasis by modulating the composition and activity of gut microbiota. It is synergistic with other bioactives, such as baicalin, berberine, crocin I, and TUDCA, which can improve its therapeutic potential and highlight the possibilities of combination therapy. Although preclinical evidence is promising, clinical trials are still limited, particularly, ideal dosing, long-term safety, and bioavailability. This review presents an overview of the mechanistic understanding, organ-specific actions, pharmacokinetic, and combination therapy prospective of geniposide with special focus on its potential as a multitarget antidiabetic biomolecule. Further studies incorporating modern drug delivery technology and clinical studies are needed to validate preclinical results into effective, safe, and patient-specific treatments against DM.

Abstract The Euphrates jerboa, Allactaga euphratica, is a rodent which has adapted to life in a desert, and whose respiratory system is specialized to cope with dusty and inhospitable surroundings. This research sought to elaborate the anatomy, histomorphology, and histochemistry of the jerboa's trachea and bronchial tree through gross dissection and examination, resin casting, and routine histological staining. In total, fifteen adult male jerboas were separated into equal groups of anatomy, casting, and histology. In anatomical terms, the jerboa's trachea was a short, flexible tube with an average length of 0.7 ± 0.32 mm, and was comprised of eight cartilaginous rings shaped like the letter ‘C’. The right primary bronchus was more divided or branched than the left one, with the right forming a cranial, caudal, and accessory bronchus, and the left bronchus branching into three major branches. The resin casting confirmed and illustrated this asymmetry and the bronchial pattern which was efficient and presumably enhances the ventilation. Histology of the trachea illustrated four layers in the wall: the mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia. The mucosa and the inner submucosa were lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells which was poor in gland and immune cell elements. The cartilage rings were hyaline and the broad plate of the lamina bordered with resilient walls composed of lymphocyte and macrophage, which illustrated local defense and active local defense. According to statistical analysis, no significant difference was found among the measurements of the tracheae (P ≥ 0.05).

Abstract لإhe current study investigated the diagnostic relevance and expression profiles of free circulating miR-153 in newly diagnosed IPF and matched controls. So, these analyses have been evaluated as a total of 120 subjects, with 60 being the IPF and 60 being the age and gender matched healthy control subjects. Using the TRIzol reagent, collected blood samples were used in and extracted from them. In stem-loop RT-qPCR, quantification of the miR-153 and GAPDH (alternative gene) molecules is made. The analysis of the results concluded that there is an expression of the calculated values from the 2^−ΔCt expression analysis, while a performative diagnostic value is shown with the receiver operating characteristic analysis. The results now inform us that there tends to be a lower emission of miR-153 factors for IPF on the basis of comparison to the controls. In IPF, the mean droplet value for miR-153 was 28.63, while for the controls it was 25.34. The means thus stand to show that there was a decrease the expression of miR-153 in IPF when compared to the control subjects. In IPF the mean overall expression level was 0.25 ± 0.06 while the expression level in controls was 2.66 ± 0.91 (p < 0.001). IPF vs control diagnoses demonstrated excellent metrics IPF AUC 1.000, Sensitivity 100%, Specificity 100%. The significant downregulation of circulating miR-153 in IPF along with its exceptional diagnostic performance underscores its promise as a non-invasive biomarker for early detection and monitoring of the disease in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Abstract Wound healing isWound healing is a complex physiological process that restores the structural integrity and function of damaged tissues. Conventional drug-based therapies, the current standard of care, often yield suboptimal outcomes characterized by slow regeneration, particularly in large or chronic wounds. such treatment restrictions have prompted the research of alternative therapies, especially the use of stem cell therapy, as it has a high potential to promote regeneration and more effectively control the healing process. This paper is a review of the new information that has been stated in the rodent model studies that compare therapy performance of the stem cell application to the traditional drug treatment in wound healing and tissue repair. We aimed to critically evaluate the comparative effectiveness, underlying mechanisms, and safety profiles of these approaches. the bone marrow, adipose tissue, and peripheral blood stem cells are beneficial in wound closure, angiogenesis, and skin architecture re-modeling of skin. The comparative analysis has shown that stem cell therapy does not only increase healing rates but also the quality of tissue repair resulting in increased normal restoration of normal functioning and appearance. Improved immunomodulatory capabilities, the ability to produce paracrine factors, and direct involvement in the repair of damaged tissue are some of the qualities that have been attributed to these benefits. Conversely, pharmacological treatments like anti-inflammatory agents and growth factors have fewer effects, and are limited to the effects of controlling inflammation and early tissue regeneration phases, without significantly affecting later tissue regeneration. Recent experimental studies consistently report superior outcomes including accelerated wound closure, enhanced neovascularization, and improved histological architecture in stem cell-treated rodents compared to drug-treated controls. Stem cell therapies are applicable in preclinical studies because of its versatility in that it can be topical, injectable, or scaffold-delivered. To sum up, the current body of evidence places the stem cell-based therapy as a highly promising modality of tissue repair and wound management that has specific benefits over the conventional pharmacological methods in rodent models. Future prospects of stem cell therapy have only gotten better as the source of cells and cell engineering has been developed. This review indicates that in experimental rodent models stem cells are better than drugs to facilitate effective and comprehensive wound healing with further studies being warranted to optimize the use of stem cells in a broader use within clinical settings.

Abstract The preservation effects of oregano and curcumin on carp fish meat were investigated in this study. In response to consumer demand for natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives, research examined into the antioxidant and antibacterial abilities of these bioactive compounds to maintain fish freshness and safety. Four treatment groups were included in the study design: 3% oregano extract (G3), 3% curcumin extract (G2), 6% curcumin and oregano extract (G1), and a control group that received no treatments. 18 samples per treatment were randomly assigned to each group, each containing 45±2 gram carp fish fillets. The total phenolic content of plant extracts t-extracted using 70% ethanol was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique. Quality tests were performed at 24-hour, 4-day, and 2-week intervals on fish samples that had been stored at 4°C for up to two weeks. The primary analyses were pH , TBARS, TVB-N, peroxide value, and microbial load as determined by total bacterial count. One-way ANOVA revealed significant treatment differences (p < 0.05). In comparison to the control and the combined 6% curcumin and oregano treatment (G1) consistently maintained pH near normal freshness levels, decreased TBARS and peroxide values, TVB-N concentrations, and bacterial counts. This study found that extracts of curcumin and oregano are effective natural preservatives for seafood. Pearson correlation analysis shows positive associations between TBARS, TVB-N, and peroxide levels, suggesting lipid oxidation and protein degradation in fish flesh storage. The result are support t antioxidants like curcumin and oregano may shield fish meat quality from oxidative and degradative processes.

Abstract Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV) is a widespread but often overlooked infectious agent in cattle. The first isolation of virus occurred in Louisiana, USA, in 1969, from a Holstein cow exhibiting lymphocytosis, weakness, and neurological symptoms, and has been recognized as the prototype lentivirus of cattle. It is known for its slow replication, long term persistence and immunosuppressive activity. Although infections are often mild or unapparant, BIV can cause immune alterations such as lymphoid hyperplasia, lymphocyte dysfunction, and decreased CD4/CD8 ratio, which make the host more susceptible to secondary infections.
Epidemiological observations from Asia have revealed the presence of Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV) in several countries, including Japan, Korea, Iran, Turkey, Cambodia, Pakistan, and India. Reported seroprevalence varies considerably from about 20 - 35% in Japan and Korea respectively, about 26% in Cambodia, and between 10% and 28% in Iran. Molecular investigation in India and Turkey have also confirmed to detect of proviral DNA in native cattle populations. These findings indicated that BIV may be endemic in some asia regions, probaby maintained through livestocks movement and trade across areas.
Polymerase chain reaction( PCR) and real-time PCR, have enhanced the accuracy of BIV detection . the development of Multiplex PCR have further made it possible to screen for several retroviruses at once. However, there is still no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy are available. The control programs dependent on strict biosecurity, hygiene, and regular herd screening. Preventive measures include isolating positive animals, sterilizing instruments, and ensuring BIV-free semen in breeding programs.

Abstract Modern poultry production is witnessing the rising tendency of Cryptosporidium baileyi as a respiratory pathogen; its transmission via air facilitates swift spread on broiler farms and hatcheries. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the existing knowledge of the ecology, aerobiology, and production impact of C. baileyi, particularly the processes that transform oocysts into respirable bioaerosols, such as size range, dust concentration, humidity, and temperature. Within hatcheries, airflow direction, pressure differentials, and the efficiency of pathogen filters are explored as factors of pathogen concentration and spread. The respiratory pathogenesis is described from epithelial breach, disruption of the mucociliary elevator, and airsacculitis to the performance penalties of reduced early chick quality, increased condemnation rates, and poor feed conversion. In this review, surface, air, and flock screening diagnostics are compared, featuring a concrete set of actionable breach responses based on qPCR and ddPCR workflows. The multifactorial interactions of Mycoplasma, Escherichia coli, and infectious bronchitis virus are discussed as amplifying the primary disease. Effective control of disinfection chemistries, UV-C and dry-heat, litter and humidity control, and dust suppression is analyzed. Nutritional immunomodulators, vaccine gaps, and advances in mucosal immunity are described. Surveillance systems, biosecurity at chick transfer, and HVAC cost–benefit aspects have been combined within the One-Health approach to mitigate exposed workers' health risks. These domains have been consolidated which provides ‘roadmap’ for risk assessment, focused monitoring, and tiered interventions aimed at mitigating the risk of airborne cryptosporidiosis in intensive poultry systems.

Abstract Abstract

Camel colostrum, the first secretion from the mammary glands following parturition, is a unique biological fluid distinguished by its superior nutritional and immunological content . In the first day after postpartum, camel colostrum contain high levels of immunoglobulins reaching (20-50 g/L), another immuno protein and lactoferrin, is approximately (1-2g/L). The fat content may reach to(25-26%).Lactose is initially low2-3%.Vitamins A and E are concentrated in early colostrum. This report aims to give a complete analysis of the qualities of camel colostrum, with a focus on its therapeutic and preventive effects, as well as important differences between it and mature camel milk and bovine colostrum. The report studies the chemical and physical components of colostrum, such as immune proteins, growth factors, and bioactive substances, in order to clarify how they enhance immunity and prevent inflammation and illnesses. Furthermore, it investigates the potential therapeutic applications of colostrum in human health (children, immunocompromised individuals, the elderly) and animal health, as well as its expanding economic importance in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The study finds that camel colostrum is an important resource for therapeutic and immunological purposes, and it recommends additional research and industrial development to fully benefit on its unique features.

Abstract Abstract:
The current study aims to evaluate the effects of an alcoholic extract of Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) on the testosterone, luteinizing, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in adult male domesticated local breed cats.
Twenty male cats of the domesticated local breed, aged among14±1.2 months and weight from 2.4±0.13 kg, participated in the current study. Five males were randomly assigned in each of the four groups of the study animals.
Three groups received oral doses of alcoholic extract of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) once daily for a period of 30 days (T1, T2, and T3) at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively. As a control, the first group (C) was retained. Blood samples were collected in serum separator tubes for blood parameters analysis including; luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. The results of T2 group showed a significant increasing in levels of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) compared with other groups, while T1 and control groups did not differ significantly, according to the study. On the other hand, the T3 group's results showed significant decrease compared with other groups. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels remained unchanged in the current study in all animals of experiment.
Conclusions: The extract clearly affects in the levels of serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone. The dose 200 mg/kg body weight is the recommended dosage while excessive concentration of extract causes negative effects on serum hormone levels. There was no discernible impact of the alcoholic extract on the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels.

Abstract Experimental research includes models of peripheral nervous system illnesses, nerve damage, and regeneration frequently use the sciatic nerve in rats. Still, the sciatic nerve's unusual features and possibility for "dying back" neuropathies call for greater explanation in terms of shape. Using hind limb nerves of rats, researchers have created experimental models of neuropathies. Six male Euphoretic jerboas split into two groups and anaesthetized with ketamine and xylazine in the research. The sciatic nerves were revealed and morphometric measures noted following meticulous anatomical dissection. The sciatic nerve, according to results, first bifurzes into two main branches near the knee joint: the peroneal (sural) nerve and the posterior tibial nerve. It then runs via a deep channel between the dorsal side of the ischium and the sacral bone in the minor pelvis. Indicating the range of nerve functions, historological study found a network of capillaries inside the endometrium, Schwann cell nuclei on the outer edge of the myelin sheath, and varied nerve fibre sizes. Comprising concentric layers of connective tissue that give structural support and protection for the nerve fibres, the perineurium which encases the nerve is Protection of the nerve against mechanical damage depends critically on the epineurium, the outermost layer of connective tissue covering it. Notable are internal vibrations of nerve fibres within the axonal area and around the myelin sheath, presumably connected to mechanical interactions or electrical activity among biological components within the neuron. These results could support comparative studies or investigations on rodent neurological damage and recovery.

Abstract Due to the increasing for affordable, nutrient-dense, and easily prepared poultry, the global poultry industry has experienced rapid growth. However, the prevalence of chemical contaminants and veterinary medication residues in poultry meat, which a serious health risks to the general public, is a major concern raised by this expansion. Because they are administered incorrectly or withdrawal periods are not followed. Meat and eggs often contain residues from medications used in animal production, including hormones, antibiotics, and pesticides. These residues can cause allergic reactions, antibiotic resistance, and even cancer in consumers. Numerous steps in the poultry production, such as feed quality, water supply, farm management, slaughter, and processing can result in contamination. Quick and reliable residue identification and measurement are now possible thanks to emerging technologies like chromatographic, immunoassays, biosensors, and hyperspectral imaging. However, maintaining constant surveillance continues to be difficult, particularly in developing nations where infrastructure and enforcement of regulations may be insufficient. Strict laws governing maximum residue limits (MRLs), thorough residue surveillance, and enhanced producer awareness are necessary for effective food safety management. Promoting safe handling and consumption practices also requires consumer education. Integrated strategies for residue reduction and risk mitigation be implemented successfully, cooperation between scientific communities, industry stakeholders, and policymakers is critical. Thus, ensuring the safety of poultry meat is critical to protecting consumer health and promoting company growth. Innovative residue detection methods, risk assessment frameworks, and sustainable farming methods should be given priority in subsequent studies to lower drug residues and contaminants in poultry products globally.