Document Type : Al-Qadisiyah Conference 2025
Authors
1 College of Veterinary Medicine University of Al-Qadisiyah Iraq
2 Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia,
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic condition associated with hyperglycemia, which either insulin resistance, insulin secretion insufficiency, or a combination of both can cause. The antidiabetic treatment options, insulin, metformin, and more recent pharmacological treatments, possess some limitations, such as adverse effects, insufficient efficacy, and poor adherence, which require safer and more thorough treatment strategies. Geniposide is a multitarget antidiabetic agent with β-cell protective and glucose homeostasis-regulatory effects. In preclinical research, geniposide inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by AMPK-FoxO1 signaling, raises insulin release, lowers oxidative stress and inflammation, and promotes peripheral glucose absorption through PI3K/Akt-GLUT4. Geniposide also regulates metabolic homeostasis by modulating the composition and activity of gut microbiota. It is synergistic with other bioactives, such as baicalin, berberine, crocin I, and TUDCA, which can improve its therapeutic potential and highlight the possibilities of combination therapy. Although preclinical evidence is promising, clinical trials are still limited, particularly, ideal dosing, long-term safety, and bioavailability. This review presents an overview of the mechanistic understanding, organ-specific actions, pharmacokinetic, and combination therapy prospective of geniposide with special focus on its potential as a multitarget antidiabetic biomolecule. Further studies incorporating modern drug delivery technology and clinical studies are needed to validate preclinical results into effective, safe, and patient-specific treatments against DM.
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