Document Type : Al-Qadisiyah Conference 2025
Authors
1 College of veterinary medicine
2 Internal medicine, Veterinary medicine, Al-Qadisiyah university,Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
Abstract
Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV) is a widespread but often overlooked infectious agent in cattle. The first isolation of virus occurred in Louisiana, USA, in 1969, from a Holstein cow exhibiting lymphocytosis, weakness, and neurological symptoms, and has been recognized as the prototype lentivirus of cattle. It is known for its slow replication, long term persistence and immunosuppressive activity. Although infections are often mild or unapparant, BIV can cause immune alterations such as lymphoid hyperplasia, lymphocyte dysfunction, and decreased CD4/CD8 ratio, which make the host more susceptible to secondary infections.
Epidemiological observations from Asia have revealed the presence of Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV) in several countries, including Japan, Korea, Iran, Turkey, Cambodia, Pakistan, and India. Reported seroprevalence varies considerably from about 20 - 35% in Japan and Korea respectively, about 26% in Cambodia, and between 10% and 28% in Iran. Molecular investigation in India and Turkey have also confirmed to detect of proviral DNA in native cattle populations. These findings indicated that BIV may be endemic in some asia regions, probaby maintained through livestocks movement and trade across areas.
Polymerase chain reaction( PCR) and real-time PCR, have enhanced the accuracy of BIV detection . the development of Multiplex PCR have further made it possible to screen for several retroviruses at once. However, there is still no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy are available. The control programs dependent on strict biosecurity, hygiene, and regular herd screening. Preventive measures include isolating positive animals, sterilizing instruments, and ensuring BIV-free semen in breeding programs.
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