Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

Abstract Here is the English version of the abstract, condensed to approximately 160 words. It maintains all scientific terminology and core findings while staying well under your 220-word limit.AbstractThis study was conducted at the College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, to evaluate the therapeutic role of alcoholic extracts of Licorice and Purslane compared to Omeprazole against aspirin-induced gastric ulcers.The experiment utilized 50 male albino rats (180-200 g), divided into a negative control group and treatment groups. Gastric ulcers were induced via oral administration of aspirin (100 mg/kg). Following the 50-day experimental period, histological analysis using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining revealed severe pathological changes in the untreated ulcer group (T1), including mucosal hemorrhages, submucosal congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration.Furthermore, PAS and Masson’s Trichrome staining showed a depleted mucus layer and sparse collagen fibers in group T1. Conversely, groups treated with plant extracts or Omeprazole (T2, T3, and T4) exhibited significant structural improvement in the gastric wall and a gradual restoration of mucosal tissue. The results suggest that Licorice and Purslane extracts possess potent regenerative properties, effectively mitigating aspirin-induced gastric damage.

Abstract Metabolic changes occur in mammary gland cells of dairy cows with negative energy balance may alter milk fatty acid profile. The aim of current study is to assess the concentrations of fatty acids in milk of dairy cows exploring gas chromatography- mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. Twenty milk samples had collected from ten dairy cows, two samples from each cow 3w prepartum and 3w postpartum. All samples were lyophilized and then analyzed using GC-MS to extinguish their fatty acid metabolites. The results of this study revealed that palmitic acid (C16:0) is the prominent fatty acid in cow milk with a higher percentage of fatty acids in all groups of the study followed by oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9), stearic acid (C18:0), and myristic acid (C14:0), respectively. Except in normal-status cow milk prepartum which have no differentiated GC-MS stearic acid. In addition, palmitic acid decreased in NEB compared to normal-status cow milk both pre- and postpartum. Oleic acid and stearic acid decreased in NEB compared to normal-status group postpartum only. While myristic acid increased both pre- and postpartum in NEB group compared to normal-status cows. However, all these differences in fatty acid concentrations did not reach significant levels (p>0.05). We can conclude that NEB-associated metabolic disturbances in lipolysis and lipogenesis lead to alterations in cow milk fatty acid profile and the long-chain fatty acids are the more affected ones, both pre- and postpartum.

Abstract Background: This study demonstrates that the trachea of broiler chickens undergoes significant age-dependent mucosal remodeling, characterized by differential expression of mucin genes and variations in mucin composition. Notably, MUC1 gene expression exhibited a dynamic pattern, with a significant upregulation observed at 21 days of age compared to 7 days, indicating that this stage represents a critical period for enhanced epithelial protection. This peak likely corresponds to the rapid growth phase in broilers, during which the respiratory system becomes more exposed to environmental stressors and pathogens, necessitating stronger mucosal defense mechanisms. In contrast, MUC4 expression remained stable across all examined age groups, suggesting a constitutive role in maintaining epithelial integrity rather than responding to developmental or environmental changes.
Histochemical findings further supported these molecular results, revealing a predominance of PAS-positive neutral mucins over acidic mucins in the tracheal epithelium. This suggests that neutral mucins play a more prominent role in the protective barrier function of the trachea during broiler development. The combined molecular and histochemical evidence highlights the coordinated regulation of mucosal defense components in the respiratory system.
Overall, these findings provide important baseline data for understanding the development of mucosal immunity in broiler chickens. They also offer valuable insights into how the respiratory system adapts to growth and environmental challenges, which could have implications for improving poultry health management and disease resistance strategies.

Abstract This study was conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University. It was between October 2024 and March 2025 to evaluate the efficacy of Arthrospira platensis that encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles to inspection the mitigating effect of phenyl hydrazine which induces testicular damage in adult male rats. Arthrospira platensis (AP) was procured from selzeal, British AP and was loaded onto chitosan nanoparticles, and the resulting formulation was optimized and characterized.
       The study involved 40 adult male rats, divided into four groups of 10 for each. The first group used as control (CG) received only normal saline. Rats of the all other three groups were injected intraperitonealy with 20 mg/kg BW phenylhydrazine (PHZ) to induce testicular damage. Rats in third group received 50 mg/kg BW Arthrospira platensis (AP) daily. Rats in fourth group received 50 mg/kg AP-NPS daily. At the end of the study, the blood of the rats was collected, and all the rats were sacrificed and the testes of them were harvested. The study concluded that the use of AP-NPS effectively treat the induced testicular damage in rats.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate recombinant ferritin of Echinococcus granulosus by histopathological study. The mice vaccinated subcutaneous with rEgferritin 50µg, then challenged intraperitoneal with viable protoscolices of E. granulosus isolated from hydatid cysts infected sheep. The cysts varied in size and number, with common occurrences in the liver and lungs.   In post- challenge infection, the vaccinated group revealed fewer and smaller cysts compared to the positive control group. The histopathological changes in internal organs such as (liver and lung) of a vaccinated group in Liver: showed inflammatory cell aggregations (immature granuloma) primarily consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages. Congestion of central veins. Presence of hepatic cords and proliferation of Kupffer cells in the hepatic tissue. Lung: Few inflammatory infiltrate, congestion blood vessels. Bronchioles showed with normal tissue lined by normal columnar epithelium. In contrast with the positive control group infected with E. granulosus protoscolices, which indicated that recombinant ferritin of Echinococcus granulosus has shown potential to modify these histopathological findings by enhancing immune responses.

Abstract Berberine, an active component of the plant was used in the study to investigate its possible protective effect in ameliorating methionine-induced histopathological changes on male albino rat liver. Thirty-two (32) adult male albino rats, average age 12–16 weeks and body weight ranging from 200 to 300 g were included in the current work. The study was conducted at an animal’s house, Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah. The animals were randomly divided into four groups of eight (8) rats as follows:Group 1 (G1): Eight animals as negative control group and food and water were available ad libitum throughout the experiment period.
Group 2 (G2): Consisted of 8 animals treated by gavage with methionine (100 mg/kg/body weight), comprising the positive control group.Group 3 (G3): Consisted of 8 animals that received orally methionine at a dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight and berberine at a dose of 40 mg/kg bw by the same way as group II over the entire experimental period.Group 4 (G4): Consisted of 8 animals that received berberine orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight for the entire period of the experiment.
Doses were administered orally for eight weeks. After the experimental period was over, the liver and kidney tissues were excised and prepared for histological screening by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The control and berberine (?)-only groups exhibited regular hepatic and renal architecture with well-preserved cell arrangement. The methionine-treated rats, on the other hand, demonstrated severe pathologic changes including marked of macrovesicular hepatic steatosis and sinusoidal congestion fibrotic deposition as well as cystic renal dilation associated with tubular degeneration. Of particular importance, in the methionine and berberine groups, we observed only some mild hepatic steatosis and that tubular changes were limited, suggestive of strong protection.These results could indicate the capacity of berberine to alleviate methionine-induced tissue injury due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic modulatory effects. The results indicate that berberine may be a potential therapeutic compound for liver and kidney damage in hypermethioninemia.

Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is one such opportunistic pathogen in hospital and clinical set up. It can develop strong biofilm on biotic and abiotic surfaces and is therefore tough to unfavorable conditions as well as anti-bacterial drugs. The proteins that are encoded by key genes used in biofilm formation, cilia formation (adhesion), and host immune response suppression include bap, Csu and ompA. This renders the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium especially ventilator-associated pneumonia, septicemia and wound infections to be a major clinical challenge since available treatment has limited efficacy. Biofilm system can form a physical and physiological barrier to prevent penetration of antibiotics, as well as to dampen the host immune response resulting in decreased therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, this time of long-term and chronic microbe exposure becomes extremely difficult to get rid of A. baumannii infection. As a result, there has been growing interest in the identification of genetic, molecular and regulatory mechanisms that can interfere with biofilm development or stability. Therefore, a complete perception of the genetic determinants and regulatory circuits involved in biofilm formation, including quorum-sensing systems, two-component control systems and biofilm-associated surface proteins, is an essential requirement to develop novel antibiotics & anti-biofilm strategies against drug-resistant A. baumannii isolates.

Abstract Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a traditional plant with medicinal properties used in the treatment of various diseases. It possesses potential in the management of diabetes; however, its efficacy relative to standard therapies and the advantages of nano-formulation remain inadequately investigated. This study aims to clarify the relative effects of Withania somnifera extracts (WSE) and nanoparticles (WNAE) compared to metformin on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.  Focusing on the moderation of metabolic regulatory indices, such as glucose level, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the research assesses the mechanisms underlying how WS preparations influence metabolic pathways, as well as their effectiveness compared to the existing standard of care. The experimental groups consisted of 32 Wistar male rats, which were divided into the following groups: non-diabetic control (G1), diabetic untreated (G2), diabetic AE-treated (G3), diabetic NAE-treated (G4), and diabetic metformin-treated (G5). Metabolic parameters were monitored over a 30-day period. The findings revealed reduced blood glucose levels and normalized insulin levels in rats treated with both AE and NAE.  Markedly improved lipid profiles, with NAE attaining the most significant reductions in LDL and VLDL and the highest increases in HDL, surpassing the effects of metformin. Weight loss was minimal in the metformin and NAE groups compared to the diabetic control group. The Nano-formulation enhances the bioavailability and efficacy of ashwagandha in regulating glucose, insulin, and lipid levels, exhibiting effects comparable to or superior to those of metformin. These results suggest that NAE represents a promising adjunctive therapy for diabetes management, enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of ashwagandha in regulating glucose, insulin, and lipid levels, with effects comparable to or superior to those of metformin. Thus, NAE represents a promising adjunctive therapy for diabetes management.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of Megasphaera elsdenii (ME) probiotic and sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on growth performance ,feed efficiency,and  blood metabolites in Awassi lambs fed  concentrate diet. Eighteen lambs (15 ± 4 kg) were assigned to three treatments (6 lambs/treatment) for a 100 days period : The first group Control (no additives), The second group receiving the diet supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (SB) (10 g kg DM^-1), and The third group (ME) where each lamb was dosed with a capsule containing of Megasphera elsedinii (1×10¹⁰ CFU). Dry matter intake (DMI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and blood metabolites (glucose, triglycerides, lactate, and blood urea nitrogen) were measured. Within the results neither SB nor ME significantly impacted Dry matter intake (DMI) or daily weight gain (DWG) versus the control (P > 0.05). However, Lambs consuming SB exhibited a significant reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) (7.20) as to control (5.58) and ME (5.52) (P = 0.02). All groups showed increases in blood lactate and urea nitrogen (P < 0.01) at week 12. Group of ME showed more numerical DMI at the late weeks of study, while the group of SB showed a less numerical DWG between week 9 and 12. no effects of treatments were observed on blood glucose and triglycerides (P > 0.05). It could be concluded that SB supplementation may cause adverse effects on feed efficiency in growing Awassi. ME administration results were comparable to that of control and warranting further optimization of probiotic strategies.

Abstract The study examined growth and morphological alterations of the kidneys in Awassi sheep at two critical developmental stages; pre-birth (3–4 months of gestation) and post-birth (3–4 months after birth). The findings indicated that the kidneys of embryos gestating for 3 -4 months were diminutive and slender, encased in a removable fibrous capsule. The brains were pale, and the renal pyramids were just beginning to take shape. It is typical for the right kidney to be higher than the left. The right and left kidneys were about the same dimensions (length, width, thickness, and weight) at this point. But when they were born, the kidneys of lambs increased a lot in all morphometric metrics, making them look like beans since they got bigger, thicker, and smoother. The fibrous capsule was more securely attached to the renal parenchyma, and the cortex and medulla were clearly different from each other. The renal pyramids were well-formed, and the renal pelvis was easy to see, which meant that the kidney was getting bigger. The data suggest that the growth of sheep's kidneys remains proportionate bilaterally, with significant alterations occurring pre- and postnatally due to inherent growth processes. This study provides valuable insights into the morphology and dimensions of the kidneys in Awassi sheep during their growth. It can be used as a reference for research that looks at the anatomy of different animals, how they grow, or birth problems in tiny ruminants.

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis is common in certain areas. The liver and spleen are affected by this illness caused by the Leishmania donovani parasite in humans and animals. This research aimed to develop a new SLA-based liposome vaccination. The purpose is unclear. Improved illness detection and treatment. SLA antigen was encapsulated in a positively charged liposome for vaccine formulation. Stability and immune cell interaction are promoted by egg lecithin, cholesterol, and stearylamine. The vaccine was well-prepared and targeted the antigen, according to testing. A test showed a concentration of 2.1 ± 0.3 mg/min for SLA antigen. The SLA-containing liposome particles were of outstanding size, measuring around 245 ± 10 nm. Particle sizes were consistent with a dispersion value of 0.21 ± 0.05. The zeta-potential investigation found 61.16 mV more positive charge than empty liposomes. Improved cellular absorption and stability should boost immunization efficacy. FTIR and XRD studies revealed that the liposomes contained the SLA antigen, indicating that the loading technique was effective and did not modify the liposomes. Before exposing mice to harmful compounds, their immune reaction has to be assessed. The liposome-SLA group had a stronger antigen-specific IgG response than the SLA-only or empty liposome groups. It seems that liposomes boosted the immunological response. The SL1 group's final count was 1/160, double the S2 group's 1/80. Since it was their first encounter to the virus, the unimmunized group exhibited the greatest antibody response. Even at 1/320 concentrations, the SL1 group had robust and sustained reactions with higher values. This consistent outcome shows that the liposome-SLA vaccination prepares the immune system to respond promptly to the illness. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) vaccination, apparently.

Abstract Furfuraldehyde is an industrial aldehyde that is associated with significant oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study explores furfuraldehyde-related hepatorenal toxicity and the mitigating effects of L-carnitine in male rats after subchronic exposure. Fifty male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups (n = 10): control; low-dose furfuraldehyde (20 mg/kg); high-dose furfuraldehyde (40 mg/kg); and both doses with L-carnitine (200 mg/kg) in co-administration. Dosing was done orally for 90 days. Evaluated parameters included: oxidative stress and mitochondrial function (ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release), apoptosis (BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), caspase-3) gene expression, and histopathology of the kidney and liver. Furfuraldehyde caused a significant increase in reactive oxygen species and Malondialdehyde, and a significant decrease in catalase and ATP production (p < 0.001). It caused mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release, BAX and caspase-3 up regulation, Bcl-2 down regulation, and apoptosis in the kidney and liver. Furfuraldehyde caused necrosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial ultra-structural damage as assessed by histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. L-carnitine co-administration reversed these effects and restored balance in redox, mitochondrial integrity, and architecture of the tissue (ATP restored to 70–75%). Furfuraldehyde exposure caused the kidney and liver to undergo mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and oxidative injury. L-carnitine appears to protect the cells by maintaining the function of the mitochondria and reducing apoptosis, demonstrating its potential in treating aldehyde-related organ toxicity.

Abstract Background: Caprine theileriosis is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease that induces variable immune responses depending on infection stage. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) play critical roles in host defense and disease progression. This study aimed to quantify the relative expression levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in goats with acute theileriosis compared with chronic cases using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Total RNA was extracted from EDTA blood samples, reverse transcribed to cDNA, and analyzed by SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR. Expression levels were normalized to GAPDH as a housekeeping gene. Relative quantification was calculated using the comparative ΔΔCt method. Statistical comparison between groups was performed using independent t-test. TNF-α expression was significantly upregulated in acute theileriosis (1.098 ± 0.069-fold) compared with chronic cases (0.704 ± 0.052-fold) (P < 0.01). IFN-γ expression was also significantly elevated in acute infection (1.772 ± 0.261-fold) relative to chronic cases (1.097 ± 0.147-fold) (P < 0.05). Amplification efficiencies were consistent with successful normalization using GAPDH. These findings indicate stronger pro-inflammatory immune activation during acute infection. Acute caprine theileriosis is associated with significant upregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ, suggesting an intensified Th1-mediated immune response compared with chronic infection.

Abstract Yersinia enterocolitica remains an underestimated foodborne zoonotic pathogen with a complex biology that links animal reservoirs, contaminated foods, environmental persistence, intestinal invasion, immune evasion, and post-infectious complications. Although most infections are self-limiting, severe disease may occur in children, elderly individuals, immunocompromised patients, and cases associated with septicemia, transfusion-transmitted infection, or invasive extraintestinal spread. The pathogen is distinguished by marked heterogeneity among biotypes, serotypes, virulence plasmid profiles, chromosomal pathogenicity determinants, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Recent genomic surveillance has improved the resolution of outbreak detection, source tracing, and lineage characterization, while molecular diagnostics have reduced the delay associated with culture-based methods. However, underdiagnosis remains a major limitation, especially in regions where yersiniosis is not routinely monitored. The increasing detection of multidrug-resistant isolates from food, animals, and environmental sources has renewed interest in preventive strategies beyond conventional antimicrobial therapy. Bacterial ghosts represent a promising vaccine and delivery platform because they preserve native bacterial surface antigens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns while lacking viable genetic and cytoplasmic contents. This review integrates recent evidence on Y. enterocolitica epidemiology, virulence, diagnosis, genomics, resistance, and bacterial ghost technology, and proposes a conceptual framework for developing mucosal bacterial ghost vaccines against enteric yersiniosis.

Abstract tropical theileriosis is a tick-transmitted disease that leads to considerable   economic losses in livestock production in endemic areas. Although it is known that cattle are more resistant, information on whether Iraqi buffaloes also carry T. annulata is limited based on molecular studies. This study was conducted to detect T. annulata in naturally infected water buffaloes in Iraq by using the cytochrome b gene as a genetic marker and to examine its differences from other reported sequences.
   Ninety-four buffalo blood samples were collected from September through December 2025 after the buffaloes had been clinically suspected of theileriosis.  After Genomic DNA extracted, the cytochrome b gene of T. annulata was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting amplicons were sequenced and aligned with reference sequences stored in GenBank. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic approach was then used to perform phylogenetic inference. PCR analysis confirmed T. annulata infection in 16 of 94 buffalo samples (17.02%). Sequence analysis showed high similarity (97.58–100%) between Iraqi isolates and previously reported global strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Iraqi isolates clustered within the T. annulata clade and had close genetic relationships with isolates from several countries. The study confirms the presence of T. annulata in Iraqi buffaloes and emphasizes the usefulness of the cytochrome b gene as accurate molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis. These findings enhance understanding of the molecular epidemiology of tropical theileriosis in Iraq.

Abstract Foot -and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary viral disease that is highly contagious and seriously affects the livestock productivity, food security, and international trade. Even though the traditional inactivated vaccines have long been used over decades, their shortcomings such as relatively short immunity, biosecurity concerns during manufacturing, antigenic breakdown, and the lack of cross-serotype coverage limit their efficacy in the long term. The difficulties have led to the creation of subunit vaccines as the safer and more carefully designed alternatives.Subunit vaccines are, first of all, designed based on structural capsid proteins, in particular, VP1, or are prepared as virus-like particles (VLPs) to resemble the native virion structure, but without infectious genetic material. Immunogenicity has been significantly increased with the development of novel systems of recombinant expression, multi-epitope designing techniques based on immunoinformatics, nanoparticle delivery systems, and optimization of adjuvant.Though pre-clinical results have been encouraging, some problems have been noted including incomplete cross-protection and small scale field validation. Further development of multivalent design, antigen stabilisation, and new delivery methods is needed in order to attain sustainable and successful control of FMD

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to investigate the hematological indices [complete blood picture (CBC)] as well as serum minerals (calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) and Vitamin E (Vit E) in sheep in various areas at Al-Qadisiyah province (Iraq).
Methodology: Totally, 50 sheep were selected from Afak, Al-Sanyea, Al-Daghara, Nuffer, and Al-Diwaniyah during August 2025. Post clinical examination, venous blood samples were collected from all study animals, divided into without- and with- anticoagulant tubes, and used to measurement of CBC by automatic blood analyzer, and serologically to determine the minerals and vitamin using the Colorimetric Assay.
Results: The findings revealed that there was a significant reduction in values of Ca, Cu, Mg, Vit E, and Zinc with normal range in selenium. Hematologically, the findings of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were normal.
Conclusion: Sheep has obvious metabolic deficiency in Calcium, Copper, Magnesium, Zinc and Vitamin E. Selenium was within normal range. Consequently, sheep were more susceptible to infection with deficit in blood content.

Abstract Broiler breast muscle development is strongly affected by nutritional quality, particularly the source and biological value of dietary protein. Dietary protein source may influence muscle fiber growth, connective tissue organization, glycogen deposition and the transcriptional activity of myogenic regulatory genes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary protein source on muscle structure, glycogen content and myogenic gene expression in the pectoralis major muscle of broiler chickens. A total of 9000 one-day-old broiler chicks were raised under field conditions and divided into two dietary groups: an animal protein-based diet containing fish meal and a plant protein-based diet based on corn-soybean meal. Samples of pectoralis major muscle were taken at 42 days of age and analyzed using morphological, histological, histochemical and molecular techniques. Birds fed the animal protein diet had significantly larger muscle fiber area and muscle bundle area than birds fed the plant protein diet (P < 0.05), whereas birds fed the plant protein diet exhibited thicker connective tissue layers. Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed greater glycogen deposition in the animal protein group. RT-qPCR analysis showed that MYF6 (MRF4) and MYOG were significantly more expressed in the animal protein group than in the plant protein group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, animal protein enhanced muscle hypertrophy, glycogen storage and myogenic gene expression in the pectoralis major muscle, indicating the importance of protein quality in improving broiler production and meat quality.

Abstract Neurotoxicity from agents like heavy metals, pesticides, chemicals, and drugs disrupts neurotransmission and causes oxidative stress, leading to neuronal degeneration. This study tested the neuroprotective effects of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and phenylalanine against haloperidol-induced neurotoxicity in male rats. Fifty healthy rats (3–4 months, 250–300 g) from Al-Qadisiyah University were divided into five groups (n=10). Group 1 was controls, receiving distilled water for 30 days. Groups 2–5 received haloperidol (2 mg/kg i.p.) for 14 days. Group 2 was positive control; Groups 3 and 4 received curcumin-chitosan nanoparticles (100 mg/kg) and phenylalanine (2 mg/kg), respectively; Group 5 received both for 30 days after haloperidol. Behavioral tests (Open Field, Y-Maze, Forced Swimming) were conducted. Brain tissues were examined after fixation. Haloperidol reduced locomotion, exploration, and memory, increasing immobility. Curcumin nanoparticles and phenylalanine improved behaviors; their combination nearly normalized activity. Histology showed neuronal contraction, pyknosis, chromatin fragmentation, vascular congestion, and gliosis, indicating severe neurotoxicity. Both treatments reduced these effects; the combination significantly restored neuronal structure and decreased necrosis and gliosis. In conclusion, combined curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and phenylalanine provided strong neuroprotection against haloperidol toxicity, enhancing activity and neuronal integrity.

Abstract Gills consist of specialized structures including primary and secondary lamellae, chloride cells, epithelial cells, mucous cells, and venous sinuses, which are crucial for breathing and osmotic pressure management. The findings underscore substantial histological alterations caused by pollution exposure. Carassius auratus collected from ornamental fish shops in five different locations of Wasit Governorate, at a rate of four goldfish from each site. In addition, five water samples were collected from the same ponds from which the fish were obtained, the necessary chemical and physical analyses were conducted on them to determine the levels of pollutants in those ponds. The physicochemical analyses of the water revealed a clear, significant difference regarding the level of contamination in that water. On the other hand, histological results of the gills after they were stained with routine dye H&E observed the primary and secondary lamellae in addition to, appearance of oedema and epithelial lifting in the tissue. Meanwhile, the histochemical results of the samples revealed a strong positive in  mucous cell, and hyper secretion inter lamellae positive mucous cell hyperplasia with PAS stain. In addition, Mason's trichrome stain was used in present work to visualize collagen fibers; here, we note moderate fibrosis with lamellae fusion, hyperplasia and vascular congestion.

Abstract Background: The spread of coccidiosis in poultry has been accompanied by challenges in control and treatment, such as resistance to repeated treatments used in the field, and limited immunity due to antigenic diversity, which prompted researchers to adopt the concept of immunogenic antigens. Objectives: To generate a vaccine using computational methods to create broader immunity against mixed infections and longer-lasting immunity to control them. Methods: Using bioinformatics design techniques to provide the highest and most comprehensive level of protection against coccidiosis, the current project introduced the 19 kDa sporozoite antigen as an immunogenic protein genetically conserved among Eimeria species to design a multi-antigen vaccine. Bioinformatics tools were used to generate a vaccine antigen with a total of 18 antigens (B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and high-density T cells) consisting of 274 amino acids. Outcome: The reconstituted vaccine was physically and chemically evaluated, and binding to TLR15 and TLR4 was achieved. Dynamic immunological simulations were performed, using results from immunological compounds and molecules, including antigen levels of 700,000/ml and 500,000/ml, INFy about 4,75,000 ng/ml, and enhanced T and B cell proliferation to produce IgG (30,000/ml). Conclusion: The results of the vaccine design and evaluation simulations were acceptable expectations, and further in vivo experiments are needed to confirm the vaccine's defensive efficacy