Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of internal and preventive medicine, collage of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basra,Basra Iraq
10.29079/qjvms.2021.179340
Abstract
This study was conducted in Basrah during the period from July 2019 till June 2020; 1022 cattle were concluded in this study; the tissue samples were collected from 80 clinically suspected cattle. This study revealed that the incidence of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Basrah according to the clinical picture was 7.82% (80 out of 1022). All 80 samples of cows with clinical signs were positive to PCR examination. The study also revealed that the incidence of LSD in calving was significantly higher than that reported in adult cows (P < 0.05). The study also revealed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of LSD between males and females (P > 0.05). The main clinical finding of LSD was fever, skin lumps, increase respiratory rate, nasal discharge, and limb edema, loss of weight, depression, diarrhea, lameness, enlarged lymph node, and dyspnea. The monthly distribution of disease revealed that the disease was a higher incidence in spring months compared with other months (p < 0.05).
Keywords
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3. Al-Salihi KA, Hassan IQ. Lumpy skin disease in Iraq: study of the disease emergence. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2015;62(5):457-62.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12386
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7. Brenner J, Haimovitz M, Oron E, Stram Y, Fridgut O. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in a large dairy herd in Israel. Refu Vet. 2006;61:73-7.
8. Carn VM, Kitching RP. An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epidemiol Infect. 1995;114(1):219-26.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800052067
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10. Coetzer JAW. Lumpy skin disease. In: Infectious diseases of livestock. Oxford University Press; 2004. p. 1268-76.
11. Davies FG. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: a growing problem in Africa and the Near East. World Anim Rev. 1991;68(3):37-42.
12. Davies FG, Krauss H, Lund LJ, Taylor M. The laboratory diagnosis of lumpy skin disease. Res Vet Sci. 1971;12:123-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(18)34204-8
13. Diallo A, Viljoen GJ. Genus capripoxvirus. In: Poxviruses. 2007. p. 167-81.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7557-7_8
14. El-Neweshy MS, El-Shemey TM, Youssef SA. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings of natural lumpy skin disease in Egyptian cattle. Pak Vet J. 2013;33(1):60-4.
15. Gari G, Bonnet P, Roger F, Waret-Szkuta A. Epidemiological aspects and financial impact of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med. 2011;102:274-83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.07.003
16. Gelaye E, Belay A, Ayelet G, Jenberie S, Yami M, Loitsch A, et al. Capripox disease in Ethiopia: Genetic differences between field isolates and vaccine strain, and implications for vaccination failure. Antiviral Res. 2015;119:28-35.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.008
17. Girma Z. Isolation and molecular characterization of LSDV and vaccine effectiveness study in selected dairy farms of central Ethiopia. MSc thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; 2015.
18. Hunter P, Wallace D. Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa: a review of the disease and aspects of control. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2001;72(2):68-71.https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v72i2.619
19. Ireland DC, Binepal YS. Improved detection of capripoxvirus in biopsy samples by PCR. J Virol Methods. 1998;74:1-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00035-4
20. Jarullah BA. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Iraqi cattle in Waset Governorate, Iraq republic. Int J Adv Res. 2015;3(4):936-9.
21. Jameel GH. Determination of complications decrease the risk factor in cattle infected by lumpy skin disease virus in Diyala province, Iraq. Int J Microbiol Genet Mol Biol Res. 2016;2:1-9.
22. Kasem S, Saleh M, Qasim I, Hashim O, Alkarar A, Abu-Obeida A, et al. Outbreak investigation and molecular diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease among livestock in Saudi Arabia 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(2).https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12769
23. Lindsay S, Thomas E. Lumpy-skin disease: A disease of socio-economic importance. Agric For Fish. 2013;1-6.
24. Minnat TR, Jameel GH, Humadi AA. Clinical, epidemiological and histopathological study of lumpy skin disease in cattle of Diyala province-Iraq. J Int Acad Res Multidiscip. 2016.
25. Markoulatos P, Mangana-Vougiouka O, Koptopoulos G, Nomikou K, Papadopoulos O. Detection of sheep poxvirus in skin biopsy samples by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods. 2000;84(2):161-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00141-X
26. Neamat-Allah AN. Immunological, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological studies on cows naturally infected with lumpy skin disease. Vet World. 2015;8(9):1131.https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.1131-1136
27. OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). Lumpy skin disease. In: OIE Terrestrial Manual. 2010.
28. OIE. Lumpy skin disease. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Office International des Epizooties, World Organization for Animal Health. 2010.
29. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Vet Med. 2007;10:2045-50.
30. Sameea Yousefi P, Mardani K, Dalir-Naghadeh B, Jalilzadeh-Amin G. Epidemiological study of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in North-western Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64(6):1782-9.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12565
31. Şevik M, Dogan M. Epidemiological and molecular studies on lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Turkey during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64(4):1268-79.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12501
32. Salib FA, Osman AH. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Egyptian cattle in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Vet World. 2011;4(4).
33. Tuppurainen ESM, Oura CAL. Lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012;59(1):40-8.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x
34. Tuppurainen ESM, Venter EH, Coetzer JAW. The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2005;72(2):153-64.https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v72i2.213
35. Vorster JH, Mapham PH. Lumpy skin disease. Livest Health Prod Rev. 2008;10(1):16-21.
36. Wajid SJ. Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle of Samawah City, Iraq. J Res Agric Anim Sci. 2017;8-13.
2. Ali AA, Esmat M, Attia H, Selim A, Abdel-Hamid YM. Clinical and pathological studies of lumpy skin disease in Egypt. Vet Rec. 1990;127(22):549-50.
3. Al-Salihi KA, Hassan IQ. Lumpy skin disease in Iraq: study of the disease emergence. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2015;62(5):457-62.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12386
4. Ayelet G, Haftu R, Jemberie S, Belay A, Gelaye E. Lumpy skin disease in cattle in central Ethiopia: outbreak investigation and isolation and molecular detection of lumpy skin disease virus. Rev Sci Tech. 2014;33(3):877-87.https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.33.3.2325
5. Abutarbush SM, Ababneh MM, Al Zoubi IG, Al Sheyab OM, Al Zoubi MG, Alekish MO, et al. Lumpy Skin Disease in Jordan: Disease Emergence, Clinical Signs, Complications and Preliminary-associated Economic Losses. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2015;62(5):549-54.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12177
6. Body M, Singh KP, Hussain MH, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Maawali M, Al-Lamki K, et al. Clinico-histopathological findings and PCR based diagnosis of lumpy skin disease in the Sultanate of Oman. Pak Vet J. 2012;32(2):206-10.
7. Brenner J, Haimovitz M, Oron E, Stram Y, Fridgut O. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in a large dairy herd in Israel. Refu Vet. 2006;61:73-7.
8. Carn VM, Kitching RP. An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epidemiol Infect. 1995;114(1):219-26.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800052067
9. Cihota CM, Rennie LF, Kitching RP, Mellor PS. Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17(3):294-300.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00445.x
10. Coetzer JAW. Lumpy skin disease. In: Infectious diseases of livestock. Oxford University Press; 2004. p. 1268-76.
11. Davies FG. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: a growing problem in Africa and the Near East. World Anim Rev. 1991;68(3):37-42.
12. Davies FG, Krauss H, Lund LJ, Taylor M. The laboratory diagnosis of lumpy skin disease. Res Vet Sci. 1971;12:123-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(18)34204-8
13. Diallo A, Viljoen GJ. Genus capripoxvirus. In: Poxviruses. 2007. p. 167-81.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7557-7_8
14. El-Neweshy MS, El-Shemey TM, Youssef SA. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings of natural lumpy skin disease in Egyptian cattle. Pak Vet J. 2013;33(1):60-4.
15. Gari G, Bonnet P, Roger F, Waret-Szkuta A. Epidemiological aspects and financial impact of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med. 2011;102:274-83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.07.003
16. Gelaye E, Belay A, Ayelet G, Jenberie S, Yami M, Loitsch A, et al. Capripox disease in Ethiopia: Genetic differences between field isolates and vaccine strain, and implications for vaccination failure. Antiviral Res. 2015;119:28-35.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.008
17. Girma Z. Isolation and molecular characterization of LSDV and vaccine effectiveness study in selected dairy farms of central Ethiopia. MSc thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; 2015.
18. Hunter P, Wallace D. Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa: a review of the disease and aspects of control. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2001;72(2):68-71.https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v72i2.619
19. Ireland DC, Binepal YS. Improved detection of capripoxvirus in biopsy samples by PCR. J Virol Methods. 1998;74:1-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00035-4
20. Jarullah BA. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Iraqi cattle in Waset Governorate, Iraq republic. Int J Adv Res. 2015;3(4):936-9.
21. Jameel GH. Determination of complications decrease the risk factor in cattle infected by lumpy skin disease virus in Diyala province, Iraq. Int J Microbiol Genet Mol Biol Res. 2016;2:1-9.
22. Kasem S, Saleh M, Qasim I, Hashim O, Alkarar A, Abu-Obeida A, et al. Outbreak investigation and molecular diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease among livestock in Saudi Arabia 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(2).https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12769
23. Lindsay S, Thomas E. Lumpy-skin disease: A disease of socio-economic importance. Agric For Fish. 2013;1-6.
24. Minnat TR, Jameel GH, Humadi AA. Clinical, epidemiological and histopathological study of lumpy skin disease in cattle of Diyala province-Iraq. J Int Acad Res Multidiscip. 2016.
25. Markoulatos P, Mangana-Vougiouka O, Koptopoulos G, Nomikou K, Papadopoulos O. Detection of sheep poxvirus in skin biopsy samples by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods. 2000;84(2):161-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00141-X
26. Neamat-Allah AN. Immunological, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological studies on cows naturally infected with lumpy skin disease. Vet World. 2015;8(9):1131.https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.1131-1136
27. OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). Lumpy skin disease. In: OIE Terrestrial Manual. 2010.
28. OIE. Lumpy skin disease. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Office International des Epizooties, World Organization for Animal Health. 2010.
29. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Vet Med. 2007;10:2045-50.
30. Sameea Yousefi P, Mardani K, Dalir-Naghadeh B, Jalilzadeh-Amin G. Epidemiological study of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in North-western Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64(6):1782-9.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12565
31. Şevik M, Dogan M. Epidemiological and molecular studies on lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Turkey during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64(4):1268-79.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12501
32. Salib FA, Osman AH. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Egyptian cattle in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Vet World. 2011;4(4).
33. Tuppurainen ESM, Oura CAL. Lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012;59(1):40-8.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x
34. Tuppurainen ESM, Venter EH, Coetzer JAW. The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2005;72(2):153-64.https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v72i2.213
35. Vorster JH, Mapham PH. Lumpy skin disease. Livest Health Prod Rev. 2008;10(1):16-21.
36. Wajid SJ. Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle of Samawah City, Iraq. J Res Agric Anim Sci. 2017;8-13.
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