The manure of cattle is containing more than 60 different ARGs with varying resistome different from heard to another. ARGs are associated with bacteria and their prophages and phages, and can be found extracellular on transposable elements and plasmids. Antibiotic resistance Genes in one species of bacteria can be horizontally transferred to another species by one of three defined mechanisms such as conjugation, transformation and transduction. The rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in this method is becoming medically confrontation to deal with. Animal livestock wastes consider as hotspot for dissemination of ARGs to natural environment. Therefore, treatment of ARGs in environmental elements including livestock waste can decrease abundance and diversity of these genes and protect human protecting human and animal health. However, there no single treatment method has ability to completely inactivation of resistant bacteria or gene in the animal wastes. In this review, we evaluate some technologies that used to inactivate of ARGs in livestock wastes.
Wright GD. Q&A: Antibiotic resistance: where does it come from and what can we do about it? BMC Biol. 2010;8(1):1-6.https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-8-123
O'Neill J. Review on antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. 2014;4.
Courti I, Muja C, Maho T, Sainct FP, Guillot P. Degradation of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Exposure to Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma. Antibiotics. 2022;11(6):747.https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060747
Sachdeva S, Palur RV, Sudhakar KU, Rathinavelan T. E. coli group 1 capsular polysaccharide exportation nanomachinary as a plausible antivirulence target in the perspective of emerging antimicrobial resistance. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:70.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00070
Gullberg E, Cao S, Berg OG, Ilbäck C, Sandegren L, Hughes D, Andersson DI. Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(7):e1002158.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002158
Rysz M, Alvarez PJ. Amplification and attenuation of tetracycline resistance in soil bacteria: aquifer column experiments. Water Res. 2004;38(17):3705-12.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.015
Li B, Yang Y, Ma L, Ju F, Guo F, Tiedje JM, Zhang T. Metagenomic and network analysis reveal wide distribution and co-occurrence of environmental antibiotic resistance genes. ISME J. 2015;9(11):2490-502.https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.59
Roberts RR, Hota B, Ahmad I, Scott RD II, Foster SD, Abbasi F, Schabowski S, Kampe LM, Ciavarella GG, Supino M, Naples J, Cordell R, Levy SB, Weinstein RA. Hospital and Societal Costs of Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections in a Chicago Teaching Hospital: Implications for Antibiotic Stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1175-84.https://doi.org/10.1086/605630
Christaki E, Marcou M, Tofarides A. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria: mechanisms, evolution, and persistence. J Mol Evol. 2020;88(1):26-40.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-019-09914-3
He Y, Yuan Q, Mathieu J, Stadler L, Senehi N, Sun R, Alvarez PJ. Antibiotic resistance genes from livestock waste: Occurrence, dissemination, and treatment. NPJ Clean Water. 2020;3(1):1-11.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0051-0
Cheng H, Hong PY. Removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes affected by varying degrees of fouling on anaerobic microfiltration membranes. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(21):12200-9.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03798
Zheng J, Su C, Zhou J, Xu L, Qian Y, Chen H. Effects and mechanisms of ultraviolet, chlorination, and ozone disinfection on antibiotic resistance genes in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants. Chem Eng J. 2017;317:309-16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.076
Czekalski N, Imminger S, Salhi E, Veljkovic M, Kleffel K, Drissner D, Von Gunten U. Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes by ozone: from laboratory experiments to full-scale wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50(21):11862-71.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02640
Sousa JM, Macedo G, Pedrosa M, Becerra-Castro C, Castro-Silva S, Pereira MFR, et al. Ozonation and UV254 nm radiation for the removal of microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes from urban wastewater. J Hazard Mater. 2017;323:434-41.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.096
Furukawa T, Ueno T, Matsumura M, Amarasiri M, Sei K. Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in sewage by applying pulsed electric fields. J Hazard Mater. 2022;424:127382.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127382
Chu HC, Hwang GJ, Tsai CC, Tseng JC. A two-tier test approach to developing location-aware mobile learning systems for natural science courses. Comput Educ. 2010;55(4):1618-27.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.004
Aliev RA, Pedrycz W, Guirimov BG, Aliev RR, Ilhan U, Babagil M, Mammadli S. Type-2 fuzzy neural networks with fuzzy clustering and differential evolution optimization. Inf Sci. 2011;181(9):1591-608.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2010.12.014
Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. BJA. 2015;115(6):827-48.https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aev371
Cui Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Lei Q, Koizumi Y, Chiba A. Regulating twin boundary mobility by annealing in magnesium and its alloys. Int J Plast. 2017;99:1-18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2017.08.002
Li Y, Wang N, Liu J, Hou X. Demystifying neural style transfer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.01036. 2017.https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/310
Collignon PJ, McEwen SA. One health-its importance in helping to better control antimicrobial resistance. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019;4(1):22.https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010022
Bernal G, Jiménez-Chafey MI, Domenech Rodríguez MM. Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2009;40(4):361.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016401
Zheng S, Fan J, Yu F, Feng B, Lou B, Zou Q, et al. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1443
Li W, Kong L, Chen C, Gou J, Sheng S, Zhang W, et al. Experimental realization of honeycomb borophene. Sci Bull. 2018;63(5):282-6.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2018.02.006
Chou CH, Shrestha S, Yang CD, Chang NW, Lin YL, Liao KW, et al. miRTarBase update 2018: a resource for experimentally validated microRNA-target interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(D1):D296-302.
Gao S, Tang G, Hua D, Xiong R, Han J, Jiang S, et al. Stimuli-responsive bio-based polymeric systems and their applications. J Mater Chem B. 2019;7(5):709-29.https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB02491J
Zhang J, Terrones M, Park CR, Mukherjee R, Monthioux M, Koratkar N, et al. Carbon science in 2016: Status, challenges and perspectives. Carbon. 2016;98:708-32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.060
Peng P, Barnes M, Wang C, Wang W, Li S, Swanson HL, et al. A meta-analysis on the relation between reading and working memory. Psychol Bull. 2018;144(1):48.https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000124
Fubin P, Lei G, Yubo Y, Qiangsheng B, Jianfei J. Effects of geometrical parameters on the performance of Rogowski coil for current measuring. In 2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE; 2016. p. 232-6.
Hong QN, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, Dagenais P, et al. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Educ Inf. 2018;34(4):285-91.https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221
Gao X, Ren Y, Umar M. To what extent does COVID-19 drive stock market volatility? A comparison between the US and China. Econ Res Ekon Istraz. 2022;35(1):1686-706.https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1906730
Rizzo L, Manaia C, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Ploy MC, et al. Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review. Sci Total Environ. 2013;447:345-60.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032
Cornu JN, Ahyai S, Bachmann A, de la Rosette J, Gilling P, Gratzke C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional outcomes and complications following transurethral procedures for lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from benign prostatic obstruction: an update. Eur Urol. 2015;67(6):1066-96.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.06.017
Kena G, Musu-Gillette L, Robinson J, Wang X, Rathbun A, Zhang J, et al. The Condition of Education 2015. NCES 2015-144. National Center for Education Statistics; 2015.
Li Z, Xiao C, Yang Y, Harvey SP, Kim DH, Christians JA, et al. Extrinsic ion migration in perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ Sci. 2017;10(5):1234-42.https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE00358G
Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Gou Z, Lyu J, Li W, et al. Resequencing 302 wild and cultivated accessions identifies genes related to domestication and improvement in soybean. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(4):408-14.https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3096
Destiani R, Templeton MR. Chlorination and ultraviolet disinfection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water. AIMS Environ Sci. 2019;6(3):222-41.https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2019.3.222
Armstrong JS. The value of formal planning for strategic decisions: Review of empirical research. Strateg Manag J. 1982;3(3):197-211.https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250030303
Virto R, Manas P, Alvarez I, Condon S, Raso J. Membrane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence and presence of a chlorine-demanding substrate. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(9):5022-8.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5022-5028.2005
Zhao D, Huang Z, Umino N, Hasegawa A, Kanamori H. Structural heterogeneity in the megathrust zone and mechanism of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (Mw 9.0). Geophys Res Lett. 2011;38(17).https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048408
Stange C, Sidhu JP, Toze S, Tiehm A. Comparative removal of antibiotic resistance genes during chlorination, ozonation, and UV treatment. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2019;222(3):541-8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.02.002
Liao X, Cullen PJ, Liu D, Muhammad AI, Chen S, Ye X, et al. Combating Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin resistance gene (mecA) with cold plasma. Sci Total Environ. 2018;645:1287-95.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.190
Barjasteh A, Dehghani Z, Lamichhane P, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Recent progress in applications of non-thermal plasma for water purification, bio-sterilization, and decontamination. Appl Sci. 2021;11(8):3372.https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083372
Rezaei F, Vanraes P, Nikiforov A, Morent R, De Geyter N. Applications of plasma-liquid systems: A review. Materials. 2019;12(17):2751.https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172751
Zeghioud H, Nguyen-Tri P, Khezami L, Amrane A, Assadi AA. Review on discharge Plasma for water treatment: mechanism, reactor geometries, active species and combined processes. J Water Process Eng. 2020;38:101664.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101664
Kim S, Kim CH. Applications of plasma-activated liquid in the medical field. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1700.https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111700
Jiang B, Zheng J, Qiu S, Wu M, Zhang Q, Yan Z, Xue Q. Review on electrical discharge plasma technology for wastewater remediation. Chem Eng J. 2014;236:348-68.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.090
Foster JE. Plasma-based water purification: Challenges and prospects for the future. Phys Plasmas. 2017;24(5):055501.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4977921
Bruggeman P, Leys C. Non-thermal plasmas in and in contact with liquids. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2009;42(5):053001.https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/5/053001
Yang Y, Wan K, Yang Z, Li D, Li G, Zhang S, et al. Inactivation of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli and degradation of its resistance genes by glow discharge plasma in an aqueous solution. Chemosphere. 2020;252:126476.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126476
Liao X, Liu D, Ding T. Nonthermal plasma induces the viable-but-nonculturable state in Staphylococcus aureus via metabolic suppression and the oxidative stress response. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2020;86(5):e02216-19.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02216-19
Al-Ubaidy,Y and Alsultan,A . (2022). Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock wastes. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 21(2), 147-152. doi: 10.29079/qjvms.2022.179330
MLA
Al-Ubaidy,Y , and Alsultan,A . "Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock wastes", Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 21, 2, 2022, 147-152. doi: 10.29079/qjvms.2022.179330
HARVARD
Al-Ubaidy Y, Alsultan A. (2022). 'Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock wastes', Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 21(2), pp. 147-152. doi: 10.29079/qjvms.2022.179330
CHICAGO
Y Al-Ubaidy and A Alsultan, "Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock wastes," Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 21 2 (2022): 147-152, doi: 10.29079/qjvms.2022.179330
VANCOUVER
Al-Ubaidy Y, Alsultan A. Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock wastes. QJVMS. 2022;21(2):147-152. doi: 10.29079/qjvms.2022.179330