Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

Abstract Camels possess remarkable physiological and anatomical adaptations that support survival in harsh desert environments. This study aimed to examine the microscopic architecture of the trachea and lungs in healthy adult one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Five camels of both sexes, aged 3–7 years, were examined post-slaughter. Tracheal and lung tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed through standard histological methods, sectioned at 6 µm, and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome. Microscopic observations revealed that the tracheal wall comprised mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia. The mucosal epithelium consisted of tall pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with interspersed goblet cells, forming a mucociliary defense system. The lamina propria displayed loose connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers and blood vessels, while the submucosa contained sparse tubuloacinar mucus glands. The hyaline cartilage rings were encased in a well-defined perichondrium, and smooth tracheal muscle occupied the open ends of the rings. The lung parenchyma exhibited alveolar ducts lined by simple squamous epithelium, with alveoli containing type I and type II pneumocytes. Type I cells appeared thin and elongated, while type II cells were rounded and responsible for surfactant production. Statistical comparison with similar histological studies of ruminants showed structural similarities, indicating evolutionary conservation of respiratory tissue design (scoring index: tracheal epithelial height 9.5±0.3 µm; alveolar wall thickness 2.1±0.2 µm, p<0.05). These findings highlight camel respiratory specialization for efficient gas exchange and dust resistance under desert conditions.

Abstract This research investigates the essential histomorphological and histochemical features of five male porcupines. The tail of the penis was noticed. Loosen the column's rod. There is no difference in the external color of the body and the glans penis, as it is pink in both Keratinized papillae enveloping the penis and body of a glans. In the glans, there are tiny nail-like features. The urethra is situated in the connective tissue behind the hand the glans of the penis and beneath the penis. The inner and outer layers are made of connective tissue and keratin, respectively. According to histologically, the porcupine penis is likewise vascular. This study began by examining the morphology of a porcupine rod. Our findings will help us understand the similarities and differences between porcupine and rodent reproduction and those of mammals. Our results concluded that the penis in porcupines is very similar to most other species of porcupine and to some rodents such as mice and guinea pigs. It also resembles a dog's penis of its orientation and internal structure. It is also different from most mammals.

Abstract The morphological and histological research on the liver was carried out on twenty (20) adult swan geese, ten (10) of which were male and ten (10) of which were female. The study was performed on twenty (20) adult swan geese. According to the morphological findings, the livers of both male and female geese are placed in the right and left hepatoperitoneal cavities, respectively. According to the morphological findings, the livers of both male and female geese are placed in the right and left hepatoperitoneal cavities, respectively. The liver in this bird is situated in a huge space in the abdomen. It is pointed cranially and toward the center of the thoracic and rib regions, and it has a hue that is somewhere between red and brown. The liver consists of two undivided lobes, the right and the left, as well as two surfaces, the parietal and the visceral surface, and many processes can also be seen. Additionally, the liver has two borders, the dorsal and the ventral, and a cardiac notch can be found on the dorsal border. The right lobe of the liver is also penetrated by the caudal vena cava. The gall bladder is an ovoid-shaped sac that is dark green in color and is located in a deep cystic fossa. It is linked to the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver and does not have a neck. Histological results have revealed that the liver is composed of hepatocytes arranged as two-cell thicknesses between the hepatic sinusoids, which are bound by the bile canaliculus. The intralobular duct is lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells, also extending within the organ septa of connective tissue that contains branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and the interlobular bile duct is lined by simple columnar epithelial cells. Conclusion The hepatic parenchyma of swan geese looks like two-cell-thick hepatocytes when viewed in longitudinal section, but when viewed transversely, it appears as tubules containing hepatocytes that are surrounded by bile canaliculi.