Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

Abstract Histological quantification of lung includes measuring and analyzing the proportions of respiratory area, the respiratory bronchioles which lead to the alveolar sacs and alveoli where gas exchange occurs, and connective tissue quantification, the amount of collagen and elastic fibers, which provide support and elasticity for the lung. This can be done by techniques like image analysis software and histological staining methods, such as Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichrome and Van Gieson to differentiate connective tissue from air spaces. The present analysis aimed to quantify and compare the respiratory area and connective tissue between two adult, healthy of both sexes independent animal groups cow and sheep based on ten specimens per group (n = 10) were collected from local slaughterhouse in summer (2025). The analysis revealed no significant differences between respiratory area of cow and sheep (P > 0.05), that the average respiratory area in sheep (90.18 µm2) was moderately higher than that in cow (85.21 µm2), indicating a more efficient structure for gas exchange, which associated with higher metabolic demands and active lifestyle of sheep. In contrast, cow lung significantly demonstrated greater amount of connective tissue, suggesting increased structural support necessary for large body size but reduced respiratory efficiency

Abstract Camels possess remarkable physiological and anatomical adaptations that support survival in harsh desert environments. This study aimed to examine the microscopic architecture of the trachea and lungs in healthy adult one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Five camels of both sexes, aged 3–7 years, were examined post-slaughter. Tracheal and lung tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed through standard histological methods, sectioned at 6 µm, and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome. Microscopic observations revealed that the tracheal wall comprised mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia. The mucosal epithelium consisted of tall pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with interspersed goblet cells, forming a mucociliary defense system. The lamina propria displayed loose connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers and blood vessels, while the submucosa contained sparse tubuloacinar mucus glands. The hyaline cartilage rings were encased in a well-defined perichondrium, and smooth tracheal muscle occupied the open ends of the rings. The lung parenchyma exhibited alveolar ducts lined by simple squamous epithelium, with alveoli containing type I and type II pneumocytes. Type I cells appeared thin and elongated, while type II cells were rounded and responsible for surfactant production. Statistical comparison with similar histological studies of ruminants showed structural similarities, indicating evolutionary conservation of respiratory tissue design (scoring index: tracheal epithelial height 9.5±0.3 µm; alveolar wall thickness 2.1±0.2 µm, p<0.05). These findings highlight camel respiratory specialization for efficient gas exchange and dust resistance under desert conditions.

Abstract The current exploration was done to study the morphological and histological characteristic features of the lung in the swan geese (Anser cygnoides). For that purpose, the methods included the use of 10 birds. The birds were euthanized, the lungs were collected, and features such as location, relationship, length, weight, and volume were reported. The results revealed that the two tiny lungs seen in swan geese are similar in size and shape, not lobed, flattened, and almost triangular in shape, and bright pink in color. Each lung extended from the craniocaudal and first or second ribs to the seventh rib. The average length of the right and left lungs was 11.88±0.929 and 10.44±0.12 cm, respectively, for males and 11.88±1.095 and 14.1±0.944 cm, respectively, for females, while the average width of the right and left lungs was 4.52±0.133 and 5.4±0.341 cm, respectively, for males and females, and 5.38±0.232 cm, respectively. In the case of histological features, the parabronchial epithelium was simple squamous, and connective tissue bordered the atrium and air capillaries, but smooth muscles were missing. This study reveals the characteristic pictures of the lungs of the swan geese that could be useful for future studies that deal with different sciences.