Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

Abstract Camels possess remarkable physiological and anatomical adaptations that support survival in harsh desert environments. This study aimed to examine the microscopic architecture of the trachea and lungs in healthy adult one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Five camels of both sexes, aged 3–7 years, were examined post-slaughter. Tracheal and lung tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed through standard histological methods, sectioned at 6 µm, and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome. Microscopic observations revealed that the tracheal wall comprised mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia. The mucosal epithelium consisted of tall pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with interspersed goblet cells, forming a mucociliary defense system. The lamina propria displayed loose connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers and blood vessels, while the submucosa contained sparse tubuloacinar mucus glands. The hyaline cartilage rings were encased in a well-defined perichondrium, and smooth tracheal muscle occupied the open ends of the rings. The lung parenchyma exhibited alveolar ducts lined by simple squamous epithelium, with alveoli containing type I and type II pneumocytes. Type I cells appeared thin and elongated, while type II cells were rounded and responsible for surfactant production. Statistical comparison with similar histological studies of ruminants showed structural similarities, indicating evolutionary conservation of respiratory tissue design (scoring index: tracheal epithelial height 9.5±0.3 µm; alveolar wall thickness 2.1±0.2 µm, p<0.05). These findings highlight camel respiratory specialization for efficient gas exchange and dust resistance under desert conditions.

Abstract A few studies conducting on artificial insemination in camels, and those that do tend to have inferior results when compared to studies on animals that regularly use  artificial insemination and cryopreservation (1). This article is a review to an updating researches and studies that interest in AI in camels. It includes definition and history of AI in camel, advantages and disadvantages of AI, methods of semen collection, methods of AI, time of insemination, semen diluents with deep focusing on the problems facing AI in camels. In conclusion, we noticed that AI in camel develops very slowly comparing to other farm animals due to several difficulties and problems mainly the timing of ovulation in female in relation to AI as the camels are induced ovulation animals. On the other hand, there is a dramatic growing in successful studying the methods that helps to overcoming the problems and difficulties that facing AI in camel. More efforts are needed to develop AI in camel to be easily, widely and globally used. 

Abstract Background: Respiratory diseases represent one of the infectious diseases which caused serious effects in animals and important loss economic products as in case of camels. Methodology: The current study included twenty clinical respiratory disorders in one Hump Camel (Camelus dromedaries) from eastern-south area in Iraq were it's the living environment of these animals. Results: Respiratory symptoms varying from coughing, nasal discharge fatigue and raised their temperature, weakness, loss of appetite and lost weight. Post-mortem examination of camels carcasses in abattoir investigate stages of pneumonia and pleuropneumonia characterized as heavyweight of their lungs were edematous, congested with rounded and flabby edges, pale-pink color to gray consolidation with emphysematous areas and petechial hemorrhage sometimes. On microscope acute pulmonary edema and congestion were predominant, bronchitis and bronchiolitis, emphysema and collapse with pleurisy. Conclusion: predominant respiratory infection in camels may due to pathogenic agents from bacteria or viruses may even two agents in mixed infection together causes' serious respiratory distress.